Migration

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Migration
Haitian Refugees
Salinas, CA
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Migration

• Long term relocation to a new location outside
  the community of origin

Immigration

• Migration inward to a location

Emigration

• Migration outward of a location

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American Migration Facts

• 10,000,000 illegal immigrants in the U.S.
• Largest of commuters in the world Washington,
  DC 100 miles per day!
• On average, American citizens move once every 6
  years.

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Top 10 Countries of Origin for US Legal
Immigrants, 1998
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue,
Hofstra University
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Illegal Aliens in the United States by Country of
Origin, 1996 (in 1,000s)
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue,
Hofstra University
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Immigrants into the U.S.

• Many immigrants provide remittance to home
  country. (Haiti GDP 15)
• Majority of legal migrants for Canada are
  recruited from Mexico
• Immigration laws are funny and for certain
  groups. (Cubans Wet-foot, Dry-foot)

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Types of Migration

• Internal Migration
• Within one country.
• Crossing domestic jurisdictional boundaries.
• Movements between states or provinces.
• Little government control.
• Factors
• Employment-based.
• Retirement-based.
• Education-based.
• Civil conflicts (internally displaced population).

Ex Peruvians moving from rural parts to Lima
(city).
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Types of Migration

• International Migration
• Between countries
• Crossing country borders
• More govt control.
• Factors
• Economic
• Family
• Political conflicts

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Circular Migration

• Takes us on a journey and brings us back-over
  short time span.
• What you do within these distances is your
  activity space
• Nomads are considered circular (action is
  repeated)

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Periodic Movement

• Involves returning home, HOWEVER, consider it to
  be where one spends the majority of their time.
• Transhumance-Pastoral farming based upon seasonal
  availability of pastures

• Also college or migrant work

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Types of Migration

• Voluntary migration
• The migrant makes the decision to move.
• Most migration is voluntary.
• Military (10 Million Americans)

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Forced Migration -Involuntary migration in which
the mover has no role in the decision-making
process. -Slavery. -About 12-30 million African
slaves were brought to the Americas between 1519
and 1867. -In 1860, there were close to 4 million
slaves in the United States. -In early 20th
century, African Americans moved
North. -Refugees -Military conscription. -Children
of migrants. -Situations of divorce or
separation. -Australian convicts Irish potato
famine is considered both voluntary and forced
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Why do people migrate?

• Push Factors-Reasons to leave
• Pull Factors-Reasons attracting to a place
  instead of another place

Major International Migration Patterns, Early
1990s
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Push-Pull Trends

• Men traditionally have more employment choices
  and income.
• Males tend to migrate farther and are more mobile
  than women.
• Push ex 50,000 Asians left Uganda when dictator
  took power.
• Push ex Montserrat volcanoes

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Ravenstein Laws

• Inverse relationship b/w migration and distance
  b/w the source destination
• Says migrants who go longer distances tend to
  choose big-city destinations.
• Is of migrants decreases as the distance of
  travel increases.
• -Idea is called the Gravity Model.

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Colonial Migration

• Colonizers and exploration heavily influence
  migration patterns

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Britain

• Stimulated migration of S. Asians to Singapore,
  Fiji, and Trinidad (islands of development)
• Also stimulated Chinese migration to SE Asia (are
  now minority)
• Migration reached peak in 1835-1935.

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Africa

• Geographic realm most effected by the refugee
  problems.
• Zanzibar (E. Africa) involved in slave trading to
  Islamic regions.

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SW Asia

• Afghanistan Civil war caused Soviet Union to get
  involved, caused many refugees.
• After Gulf War, Kurds in the North were forced to
  leave Iraq (Saddam Hussain)
• 2.5 million Afghanis counter migrated to Iran
  when Taliban took power in Afghanistan

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Europe

• Collapse of Yugoslavia in 1995 caused large
  refugee crisis.

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World Migration Routes Since 1700
European
African (slaves)
Indian
Chinese
Japanese
Majority of population descended from immigrants
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue,
Hofstra University
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SE Asia

• Largest of migrants from Myanmar/Burma due to

S Asia

• Sri Lanka refugees because of Tamil Tigers.

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S. America

• Columbia in 1997
• Fortified barriers. Examples?

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Selective Migration

• Excluding people with criminal records, health
  problems, or political beliefs not in line with
  the accepting country.
• Many countries practice this
• Is it discrimination?

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• U.S. Immigration Policies
• 1882, Bars Asian immigration for ten years
  (extended)
• 1921, Quota Act - country by country quotas
  (Europe)
• 1924 National Origins Act - country by country
  quotas
• 1965, Immigration Act - quotas for countries
  replaced, in 1968, with hemisphere quotas of 170,
  000 for East and 120,000 for West
• 1978, Immigration Act - global quota of 290, 000
• 1980, Refugee Act - quotas do not apply to those
  seeking political asylum
• 1986, Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted
  large numbers of former illegal.
• 1990, Immigration Act raised global quotas to
  roughly 675,000
• 1995, visas issued Preferentially
• 480,000 - to relatives of people here
• 140,000 - to those with special skills and
  education
• 55,000 - to diversity candidates (i.e., mostly
  not from Latin Amer. or Asia)
• Current Total 675,000

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Key Term Forced Migration
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Forced Migration
The Trail of Tears, 1838
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Slaves Reaching British North America, 1601-1867
(in 1,000s)
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue,
Hofstra University
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U.S. Immigration

• Prior to 1840, 90 of U.S.immigration was from
  Britain
• Two Big Waves
• 1840 - 1930 W. and N. European transitioning to
  Southern and Eastern European by 1910
• Irish (potato famine in 1840s) and Germans
• During 1900s Italians, Russians, Austria-Hungary
  (Czech, Poland, Romania, etc.)
• 1950 - Today Asians and Latin Americans
  declining Europeans
• Asians China, India 1980s -1990s Phillipines,
  Vietnam, and South Korea
• Latin America Mexico, Dom. Rep., El Salvador,
  Cuba, Haiti
• 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted
  former illegals in 1990, 1991.

Ellis Island National Monument
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U.S. Migration

• Prior to 1840, 90 of U.S.immigration was from
  Britain
• Three trends
• Destinations of U.S. Immigrants - ethnic
  neighborhoods often result of chain migration
• Mexicans California, Texas, Illinois, New York
• Caribbean Florida or New York
• Chinese and Indians New York California
• Other Asians California
• Armenians ????

Ellis Island National Monument
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(No Transcript)
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US Population by Race and Ethnicity, 1990-2050
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue,
Hofstra University
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Population Pyramid of Native and Foreign Born
Population, United States, 2000 (in )
Foreign Born
Native
Male
Female
Female
Male
Age
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue,
Hofstra University
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Migration by Major Metropolitan Areas in the
United States, 1990-98 (in 1,000s)
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue,
Hofstra University
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The Ten Fastest-Growing Metropolitan Areas,
19902000Source U.S. Census Bureau, Census
2000 1990 Census. Web www.census.gov
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Interregional Migrations

• U.S. population has been moving Westward and
  Southward
• Gold Rush (1849) and Donner Party just the most
  dramatic examples of hardship.
• Wells, Pumps, Aqueducts, Mosquito Control and Air
  Conditioning have allowed this move which
  otherwise would be impossible.
• Loss of Industrial Jobs in east compliments
  increase in Sunbelt service sector (biotech,
  communications).

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Voluntary African-American Migrations

• Blacks moved to Industrial Belt (i.e., Chicago,
  New York, Detroit) and Los Angeles during World
  Wars (labor shortages).

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Intraregional Migrations in U.S.

• U.S. population has been moving out of the city
  centers to the suburbs suburbanization and
  counterurbanization

• Developed Countries suburbanization
• automobiles and roads
• American Dream
• better services
• counterurbanization
• idyllic settings
• cost of land for retirement
• slow pace, yet high tech connections to services
  and markets

U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.
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Intraregional Migrations in LDCs

• Populations in the less developed world are
  rushing to cities in search of work and income.

• Urbanization
• migration from rural areas
• lack of jobs in countryside
• lack of services in cities
• Tokyo, Los Angeles, and New York only MDC cities
  on top 10 list

Lagos, Nigeria
Mumbai, India
Mexico City, Mexico