Rowntree, et. al., as modified by

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Chapter 1 -- Globalization

• Rowntree, et. al., as modified by
• Joe Naumann, UMSL

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Conclusion from a healthy world view

• "The deeper we look into nature the more we
  recognize that it is full of life, and the more
  profoundly we know that all life is a secret, and
  we are all united to all this life."
• Albert Schweitzer

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Origins of Geographic Study natural human
inquisitiveness

• Thinking geographically is one of the oldest
  human activities. Perhaps the first geographer
  was a prehistoric human who crossed a river or
  climbed a hill, observed what was on the other
  side, returned home to tell about it, and
  scratched the route in the dirt. Perhaps the
  second geographer was a friend or relative who
  followed the dirt map to reach the other side.
• James M. Rubenstein in Contemporary Human
  Geography

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World Regions
Chapter 1 Globalization and Diversity
Map of World Regions (fig. 1.2) Regions defined
by Rowntree et al.
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Learning Objectives

• Understand framework for studying world regional
  geography
• Examine varied aspects of globalization
• Economic, cultural, geopolitical, environmental,
  social
• Understand the following models and terms
• Demographic transition
• Measures of population growth and change
• Indicators of social development
• Measures of economic development
• State, nation, and nation-state
• Culture
• Core-periphery model

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What is Geography?

• An Exploration of Terrestrial Patterns and
  Connections
• The geographic perspective.
• Elements of geographic study
• Began with basic human needs for order and
  meaning in life
• The Mother of sciences and other disciplines
• The Five Themes of Geography

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Awaken to Wonders . . .

• Click on the globe above to see the video

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Geography as a bridging subject

• Regional geography serves as a bridge between
  many disciplines which originated as branches of
  geography

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Regional geography may be seen as areal systems
analysis
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Areal (spatial) systems analysis
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Four Laws of Ecology many applications

• Everything is connected.
• Think of a spider web of interconnections.
• Everything goes somewhere.
• Think of changing forms from log to ashes and
  gases! (Every atom from the log still exists)
• Nature knows best!
• Nonbiodegradable compounds can be dangerous, and
  they never go away!
• Theres no such thing as a free lunch.
• Every environmental change has consequences!

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Point of view broad connective

• Geographers are concerned with more than locating
  phenomena and cataloging their characteristics.
  that may be a starting point.
• Geographers may seek to identify regions, areas
  of commonality, once the locations of phenomena
  have been plotted
• May use historical perspective
• Geographers may seek connections between this
  phenomena and others to see if there are
  cause-effect relations.
• Geographers try to understand the whole picture
  of the human relationship with the earth which
  humanity occupies.

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Past Present Perspectives

• Environmental Determinism
• Largely discredited
• Possibilism
• More balanced and realistic

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Diversity Amid Globalization

• Globalization the increasing interconnectedness
  of people and places through the converging
  processes of economic, political, and cultural
  change
• Converging Currents of Globalization
• Global communications link world regions
• Global transportation moves goods quickly
• Transnational conglomerate corporations
  international financial institutions more
  powerful than many countries
• Global free-trade agreements
• Market economies replace state-controlled
  economies
• Privatization replacing goods services from
  governments
• Globalized market for consumer goods (needed or
  not)
• Globalization of workers, managers, executives

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• Global Consumer Culture
• May erode local diversity
• Can cause social tensions between traditional
  cultures and new, external globalizing influences
• Examples clothing, food, movies, and more
• Global goods and services more familiar in North
  America, because many originated there
• Hybridization sometimes occurs when forms of
  American popular culture spread abroad then are
  melded with local cultural traditions
• Hybridites include world beat music, Asian food,
  Japanese comic books, that are now found worldwide

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• The Geopolitical Component
• Globalization goes beyond national boundaries
• United Nations provides representation to all
  countries
• Global trade and cultural exchange are the
  product of international agreements
• Environmental Concerns
• Globalized economy creates and intensifies
  environmental problems, disrupts local ecosystems
  as transnational firms search for natural
  resources and factory sites
• Native peoples may lose resource base
• Globalization aggravates world environmental
  problems (climate change, air water pollution,
  deforestation)
• International treaties may help

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• Social Dimensions
• Increased international migration
• Asians, Latin Americans to the U.S.
• Africans, Asians to Western Europe
• Japan and Korea less homogeneous
• Immigrants from poor countries to less poor ones
  nearby
• Criminal element to globalization
• Terrorism (discussed later in the chapter)
• Drugs
• Illegal narcotics link remote Burma to global
  economy
• Economies reorient to drug smuggling money
  laundering
• Pornography, prostitution and gambling

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Drug Trade
The Global Drug Trade (Fig. 1.6)
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• Advocates and Critics of Globalization
• The Proglobalization Stance (Advantages)
• Globalization is logical expression of capitalism
• Removing trade barriers increases efficiency,
  spreads new technology and ideas
• Free flow of capital will enhance global economic
  wealth
• Worlds poorer countries will catch up through
  globalization
• The Antiglobalization Stance (Disdvantages)
• Todays core, developed countries did not use
  globalizations free-market economic model to
  foster their own development
• Globalization creates greater inequalities
• It promotes free-market, export-oriented
  economies, at the expense of local, indigenous
  economies
• Spreads undesirable things (diseases, crime,
  harmful flora and fauna)

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Inequity
Global Economic Inequity 1960-2000 (Fig. 1.9)
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• A Middle Position?
• Many experts say arguments both for and against
  globalization are exaggerated
• Globalization is probably unavoidable
• Even anti-globalization forces use the global
  reach of the internet to oppose globalization
• It is both necessary and possible to manage
  globalization at national and international
  levels
• Reduce economic inequities
• Protect the natural environment
• Strong efficient governments, international
  organizations, and watchdog groups can help
  manage globalization
• Really cant be stopped, but probably can be
  channeled

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• Diversity in a Globalizing World
• Will globalization bring a homogenous, culturally
  bland world?
• The world is still a diverse place
• Language, religion
• Foods, architecture, urban form
• Politics, economics
• Ethnic and cultural differences are contributing
  to separatist political movements
• Politics of diversity demands attention to
  worldwide tensions over terrorism, ethnic
  separateness, regional autonomy, political
  independence
• List 2 evidences of diversity in St. Louis area.

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Themes and Issues in World Regional Geography

• Geography describes Earth and explains spatial
  patterns
• Themes and Issues in World Regional Geography
• Environmental geography (biogeography)
• Population and settlement (demography)
• Cultural coherence and diversity (cultural
  geography)
• Geopolitical framework (Political geography)
• Economic and social development (economic
  geography)

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Population and Settlement People on the Land

• The human population is at its largest point
  more than 6 billion people on earth
• About 86 million born each year (10,000 each
  hour)
• 90 of population growth in developing regions
  (Africa, Latin America, South Asia, East Asia)
• Several important population issues
• Population growth rates vary from region to
  region some grow rapidly, others with slow or no
  growth
• Regions and countries have vastly different
  approaches to family planning (to increase or
  decrease population), from regulation to
  incentives and social cooperation
• Migration is very important some migrate for
  better life, but others migrate to flee war,
  persecution, or environmental disasters
• The greatest international migration in human
  history is occurring NOW

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World Population (Fig. 1.12)
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• Population Growth and Change
• There are several important population statistics
  that you need to know (memorize)
• Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) annual growth
  rate for a country or region as a percentage
  increase
• (annual of births) (annual number of deaths)
  RNI
• Current world RNI is 1.3 per year
• Crude Birth Rate (CBR) total number of births
  divided by the total population, giving a figure
  per 1,000 of the population world CBR is 22 per
  1,000
• Crude Death Rate (CDR) total number of deaths
  divided by the total population, giving a figure
  per 1,000 of the population world CDR is 9 per
  1,000

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• Population Growth and Change
• More population statistics you must know
• Total fertility rate (TFR) the average number
  of children born by a statistically average woman
  (world average - 2.8 1.4 Europe 5.2 - Africa)
• 2.1 is the replacement rate
• Percentage of population under age 15
• Signals future rapid population growth
• Percentage of population over age 65
• Older people need more health care, social
  security from younger workers
• Population pyramids show the gender and
  percentage of the population in specific age
  groups

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Population Pyramids
Population Pyramids (Fig. 1.14)
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• The Demographic Transition
• Demographic transition model four-stage model
  that tracks changes in birthrates and death rates
  through time as a population urbanizes
• The four stages
• Stage 1 High birth rate and high death rate
• Stage 2 Death rate falls dramatically birth
  rate stays high
• Improved public health, modern medicine
• Linked to economic development
• Stage 3 Death rate low, birth rate begins to
  fall
• Linked to urbanization, industrialization
• Stage 4 Low birth rate and low death rate

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Demographic Transition Model
The Demographic Transition (Fig. 1.15)
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• Migration Patterns
• Today, about 125 million (2) of total world
  population are migrants of some sort
• Much international migration linked to global
  economy
• Push factors negative conditions that drive
  people from a location
• Cultural oppression, war, unemployment, natural
  disasters
• Pull factors favorable conditions at a
  destination that attract people
• Economic opportunity (jobs), freedom, good
  climate
• Most migration involves both push and pull
  factors working together
• Networks of families, friends, and sometimes
  labor contractors connect migrants from their
  origins to their destinations

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• An Urban World
• Cities - the focal points of the modern
  globalizing world
• The size and growth rate of some cities is
  staggering
• Mexico City and Sao Paolo (Brazil)
• More than 20 million residents
• And theyre adding 10,000 new people each week
• Both are predicted to double in the next 15 years
• Urbanized population percentage of a countrys
  people who live in cities
• Currently, 47 of worlds population lives in
  cities
• U.S., Europe, Japan, Australia are more than 75
  urbanized
• Rates of urbanization in developing world is
  usually less than 50, and may be considerably
  lower

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Growth of World Cities (Fig. 1.18) (2000 and
projected 2015)
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• Cultural Coherence and Diversity Geography of
  Tradition and Change
• Culture is LEARNED (not innate), is shared (not
  individual) behavior, and includes both abstract
  (language, religion) and material elements
  (architecture, technology)
• When Cultures Collide
• Cultural imperialism active promotion of ones
  cultural system over another
• Cultural nationalism the process of defending a
  cultural system against offensive cultural
  expression while at the same time actively
  promoting local or national values
• Cultural syncretism or hybridization the
  blending of elements of culture to form a new
  culture

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• Language and Culture in Global Context
• Language and culture are closely tied
• Language is often the characteristic that best
  defines cultural groups
• Since language is the means for communication
  within a cultural group, it includes other
  aspects of cultural identity (politics, religion,
  commerce, folkways, customs)
• Dialect a distinctive form of a language
  associated with a specific region (e.g., American
  and British English)
• Lingua franca a third language that is adopted
  by people from different cultural groups within a
  country who cannot speak each others language
  (e.g., Swahili in Africa, or English in India)

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Languages
World Languages (Fig. 1.22)
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• Geography of World Religion
• Religion is another extremely important defining
  trait of cultural groups
• Universalizing religion attempts to appeal to
  all people regardless of location or culture
  (examples Christianity with 2 billion, Islam
  with 1.2 billion, Buddhism)
• Ethnic religion identified closely with a
  specific ethnic group does not actively seek
  converts (examples Judaism, Hinduism with 850
  million in India)
• Secularization exists when people consider
  themselves to be non-religious or outright
  atheistic (about 1 billion) Secular Humanism
  a way of life stressing logical good values
  without basing them on religion

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Religions
Major Religious Traditions (Fig. 1.36)
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Geopolitical Framework Fragmentation Unity

• Geopolitics term that describes the close link
  between geography and political activity
• Focuses on the interaction between power,
  territory, and space at all scales
• State a political unit with territorial
  boundaries recognized by other countries and
  internally governed by an organizational
  structure
• Nation a large group of people who share many
  cultural elements (e.g. language, religion,
  cultural identity) and view themselves as a
  single political community -- NATIONALISM
• Nation-state a relatively homogenous cultural
  group with its own fully independent political
  territory (e.g. Japan, France) Kurds are a
  nation without a state

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Kurds A Nation without a State (Fig. 1.26) A
Stateless Nation
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Geopolitical Framework Fragmentation Unity

• Micronationalism group identity with the goal
  of self-rule within an existing nation-state
• - On the rise, and a source of geopolitical
  tension in the world
• Centrifugal and Centripetal Forces
• Centrifugal forces Cultural and political
  forces acting to weaken or divide an existing
  state
• - Examples linguistic minority status, ethnic
  separatism, territorial autonomy, disparities in
  income and well-being
• Centripetal forces Forces that promote
  political unity and reinforce the state structure
• - Examples shared sense of history, need for
  military security, overarching economic structure

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• Global Terrorism
• 9/11 terrorist attacks not attached to a
  nationalist or regional geopolitical aspiration
  to achieve independence or autonomy
• Global terrorism - product expression of
  globalization
• Asymmetrical warfare the differences between a
  superpowers military technology and strategy and
  the lower level technology and decentralized
  guerilla tactics used by al Qaeda and the Taliban
• Colonialism and Decolonialization
• Colonialism formal establishment of rule over a
  foreign population
• Decolonialization the process of a colonys
  gaining (or regaining) control over its territory
  and establishing a separate independent government

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The Colonial World in 1914 (Fig. 1.42)
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Economic and Social Development The Geography of
Wealth and Poverty

• Economic development brings increased prosperity
  to individuals, regions, and nation-states
• More- and Less-Developed Countries
• Core-periphery model U.S., Canada, western
  Europe, and Japan make up the economic core in
  the northern hemisphere, while most areas to the
  south make up a less-developed periphery
• Indicators of Economic Development
• Development qualitative and quantitative
  measures indicating structural changes (getting
  better)
• Growth increase in the size of a system
  (getting bigger)

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• Measuring Economic Wealth
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP) value of all final
  goods and services produced within a country
• Gross National Product (GNP) GDP plus the net
  income from abroad but omits non-market economic
  activity (bartering, household work)
• Gross National Income (GNI) the value of all
  final goods and services produced within a
  country plus net income from abroad
• GNI per capita obtained by dividing the GNI by
  a countrys population
• Purchasing power parity (PPP) a comparable for a
  standard market basket of goods and services
  purchased with a local currency
• Economic growth rate annual rate of expansion
  for GNP

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GNI
World Gross National Income (GNI) Per Capita
(Fig. 1.31)
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• Indicators of Social Development
• Life expectancy average length of life expected
  at birth for a hypothetical male or female, as
  based on national death statistics
• Mortality rate under 5 years measure of the
  number of children who die per 1,000 persons
• Infant mortality rate children per 1000 die
  before age 1.
• Adult illiteracy rates percentage of a
  societys males and females who cannot read
• Female labor force participation percentage of a
  nations labor force that is female

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• Conclusion
• Globalization is driving a fundamental
  reorganization of economies and cultures through
  trade agreements, supranational organizations,
  military alliances, and cultural exchanges
• Discussion of each region includes 5 themes
• Environmental Geography
• Population and Settlement
• Cultural Coherence and Diversity
• Geopolitical Framework
• Economic and Social Development Geographies
• End of Chapter 1 Diversity and Globalization