Early and Medieval English Literature

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Early and Medieval English Literature
Geoffrey Chaucer, the founder of English poetry,
was born, about 1340, in London. He was the son
of a wine merchant who had connections with the
court.
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Francis Bacon
Of Studies
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Of Studies
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and
for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in
privateness and retiring, for ornament, is in
discourse and for ability, is in the judgment
and disposition of business. For different expert
man can execute, and perhaps judge of
particulars, one by one But the general courses
and the plots and marshalling of affaires, come
best from those that are learned. To spend too
much time on study is sloth, to use them too much
for ornament, is affectation, to make judgment
only by their rules, is the humor of a scholar.
They perfect nature and are perfected by
experience, for nature abilities are like nature
plants, that need to be pruning by study, and
studies themselves do give forth directions too
much at large.
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Thomas More(1478-1535)
He was born in a middle-class family.his father
was a prominent lawyer,and later a judge.A
scholar by nature ,he became a lawyer.Quite
early he was elected to Parliament and he acted
as the spokesman of London merchants who were on
e of the principal stays of the Tudor monarchy.
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Daniel Defoe 1660-1731

• Son of James and Mary Foe, a merchant family
  committed to Puritanism (Presbyterians)
• Sound education at Mortons Academy. Only
  Anglicans could graduate from Oxford or
  Cambridge.
• 1684 Marries Mary Tuffley, an heiress with 3,700
  a year.

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• Fought briefly in the Duke of Monmouths
  rebellion against James II.
• Bankruptcy and debt turned him towards writing.
• 1701 writes The True Born Englishman
• 1703 Pilloried for writing The Shortest Way
  with Dissenters.

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Defoes Robinson Crusoe

• 1719 First volume of Robinson Crusoe. A hit with
  lower and middle classes.
• Based on the experience of Alexander Selkirk.
• 1722 Moll Flanders. A novel that draws on his
  own experience in Newgate prison.

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Crusoe 1810 edition
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Samuel Johnson (170984)
lexicographer, critic and poet, was born in
Lichfield, Stafforshire, the son of a poor
bookseller. After studying at Oxford for little
more than a year, he was forced to leave the
university by poverty. Then followed his long
struggle as a hack writer. In 1741, some
booksellers asked Johnson to compile a dictionary
or the English language. It took him eight years
to finish this enormous work, and in 1755 his
Dictionary was published.
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Johnson thought that all was false and
hollow despised the honeyed words, and wrote a
letter to Lord Chestfield, saying when I had
once addressed your lordship in public, I had
exhausted all the art or pleasing which a retired
and uncourtly scholar can possess.
Letter to Lord Chestfield
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William Shakespeare1564-1616
All the world 's a stage, And all the men and
women merely players.
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• Born in Stratford
• The 3rd of 8 kids
• Married at age 18
• (his wife was 26)
• Worked as an actor
• By 1594 at least 6
• plays had been
• published

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The Globe Theater 1599
Burned in 1613
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The New Globe Theater 1999
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Comedies

• The Taming of the Shrew
• Much Ado About Nothing
• As You Like I
• Twelfth Night
• Midsummer Nights Dream

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Tragedies

• Hamlet
• Romeo and Juliet
• Othello
• King Lear
• Macbeth

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Hamlet
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Sonnet 18 William
Shakespeare Shall I compare thee to a summers
day? Thou art more lovely and more
temperate Rough winds do shake the darling buds
of May, And summers lease hath all too short a
date Sometime too hot the eye of the heaven
shines And often is his gold complexion
dimmed And every fair from fair sometime
declines, By chance or natures changing course
untrimmed But thy eternal summer shall not
fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou
owst Nor shall death brag thou wanderst in his
shade, When in eternal lines to time thou
growst So long as a man can breathe, or eyes
can see, So long lives this, and this gives live
to thee.
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John Milton (16081674)
Paradise Lost Its meaning of
equity Background John Milton, the
greatest English poet after Shakespeare, was the
one great literary figure who want tried
seriously to combine Renaissance and Reformation.
His rich stories of classical learning with
revival of deep religious feeling.
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Miltons work can be divided into three
creative period. The first period was up to 1641,
during which time he was to be seen chiefly as a
son of the humanity and Elizabethans, although
his Puritanism was not absent. Milton is one
of the very few truly great English writers who
is also a prominent figure in politics and who is
both a great poet and important prose writer.
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The Age of Romanticism1750-1850
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• This cultural era is a continuation of,
  overlaps with, the Enlightenment. Its
  characteristics include
• Romantic love
• Liberalism and freedom
• An upsurge of nationalism patriotism
• Sympathy for the poor less fortunate.
• An appreciation of nature
• A fascination with horror

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Romantic Artists

• John Constable
• J.M.W. Turner
• Eugene Delacroix
• J.F.Goya

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A Romantic Painting by John Constable
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Romantic Musicians

• Wolfgang Sebastian Bach
• Ludwig von Beethoven immortal beloved
• Johan Brahms Frederic Chopin
• Franz List Peter Tchaikovsky
• Franz Schubert Richard Wagner
• Guiseppi Verdi

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Wolfgang Sebastian BachGerman composer organist
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Ludwig von BeethovenGreat composer of symphonies
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Romantic Historians

• Georg Hegel - Communism
• Jules Michelet - Idealization of French history
• George Bancroft - Divine Providence for USA
• Thomas Carlyle - Great Men theory
• Thomas Billington McCaulay - British history
• Heinrich von Treitschke - German nationalism

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First Bicycle Germany, 1816no pedals, chains,
or brakes.
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First manned Balloon Flight

• A 70 ft. tall balloon scended in Paris in
  November, 1783.
• It traveled 7 1/2 miles in 26 minutes and
  reached a height of 3000 feet.

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Romantic Authors
Robert Burns (1759?)
A Red, Red Rose
Auld Lang Syne
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Herbert Schiller

• German romanticist who idealized heroic deeds and
  struggles for freedom.

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Wolfgang von Goethe, author of Faust
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Sir Walter Scott

• Author of Ivanhoe Rob Roy.
• Romantic themes included Scottish nationalism
  independence.

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Samuel Taylor Coleridge

• Used images of phantoms and terrors arising from
  the depths of the emotions.
• Author of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.

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William Wordsworth romantic poetry
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William Wordsworth principal poem
We are seven
Lines Written in Early Spring
To the cuckoo
I Wondered lonely as a cloud
The Solitary Reaper
Intimations or Immortality
The Prelude
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I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud ----William
Wordsworth
1
2
I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high
oer vales and hills, When all at once I saw a
crowd, A host, of golden daffodils Beside the
lake, beneath the tress, Fluttering and dance in
the breeze.
Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on
the milky way, They stretched in the
never-ending line Along the margin of a bay Ten
thousand say I at a glance, Tossing their heads
in sprightly dance.
3
4
The waves beside them danced but they Outdid the
sparkling waves in glee A poet could not but be
gay, In such a jocund company I gazed and
gazed but little thought What wealth the show
to me had brought
For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in
pensive mood, They flash upon that inward
eye Which is the bliss of solitude And then my
heart with pleasure fills, And dance with the
daffodils.
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O blithe new-comer! I have heard, I hear thee
and rejoice. O Cuckoo! shall I call thee
Bird,Or  but a wandering Voice?While I am
lying on the grassThy twofold shout I hearFrom
hill to hill it seems to passAt once far off,
and near.
The same whom in my schoolboy daysI listened to
that CryWhich made me look a thousand waysIn
bush, and tree, and sky.To seek thee did I
often roveThrough woods and on the greenAnd
thou wert still a hope, a loveStill longed for,
never seen.
And I can listen to thee yetCan lie upon the
plainAnd listen, till I do begetThat golden
time again.O blessed Bird! the earth we
paceAgain appears to beAn unsubstantial, faery
placeThat is fit home for thee!
Though babbling only to the Vale,Of sunshine and
of flowers,Thou bringest unto me a taleOf
visionary hours.Thrice welcome, darling of the
Spring!Even ye thou art to meNo bird, but an
invisible thing,A voice a mystery
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George Gordon, Lord Byron 1788-1824

• Acquires his title at age 10 from his great-uncle
  the Wicked Lord Byron.
• Moves with his mother to Newstead Abbey, near
  Nottingham
• 1801 attends Harrow
• 1805 Cambridge
• Meets his half sister Augusta during this period.
  
• 1807 First volume of poetry Hours of Idleness.

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Byron 1807-1815

• 1807 Byron departs on his grand tourto Lisbon,
  Spain, Greece and Albania. Begins work on Childe
  Harolds Pilgrimage.
• 1810 Visits Turkey.
• 1811 At 24, Byron returns to London.
• 1812 The first two cantos of Childe Harolds
  Pilgrimage published.
• 1814 The Corsair
• 1815 Hebrew Melodies

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The mad-bad- and dangerous Lord Byron

• Liaisons with Lady Caroline Lamb Lady Oxford.
• Scandal and gossip about his relationship with
  Augusta, whose child is named Medora (heroine of
  The Corsair).
• 1815 Marries Annabella Milbanke.
• Annabella leaves a few weeks after the birth of
  Augusta Ada

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Byron 1816-1819

• 1816 Byron settles in Geneva, near Percy and
  Mary Shelley, and Claire Clairmont.
• 1817 begins work on Manfred. Leaves for Venice.
  Continues work on the third and fourth cantos of
  Childe Harold.
• Sells Newstead Abbey for 94,500
• 1819 First two cantos of Don Juan.

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Byron 1819-1824

• 1819 Meets Countess Teresa Guiccioli and her
  Carbonari family.
• 1821 Publishes another mystery play, Cain.
• Robert Southey follows with his comment on the
  Satanic School.
• Byron publishes The Vision of Judgment a rebuttal
  to Southey.
• 1823 Joins the Greek war of independence.
• Falls ill in 1824 and dies in April at the age of
  36.

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The Byronic Hero

• Goethes Faust Part one is published in 1808.
• In Geneva, Byron meets M.G. Lewis author of The
  Monk who translates Faust.
• Part Two of Goethes Faust is published
  posthumously in 1832.
• The figure of Goethes Euphorion is based on
  Byron.
• Goethe Byron is not antique and is not
  romantic, but he is the present day itself. Such
  a one I had to have. Moreover, he was just my man
  on account of his unsatisfied nature and of his
  warlike bent, which led him to his doom at
  Missolonghi.

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She walks in Beauty
She walks in beauty, like the night   Of
cloudless climes and starry skies  And all that
's best of dark and bright    Meet in her aspect
and her eyes  Thus mellow'd to that tender
light           Which heaven to gaudy day denies.
One shade the more, one ray the less,    Had half
impair'd the nameless grace  Which waves in every
raven tress,    Or softly lightens o'er her
face   Where thoughts serenely sweet
express    How pure, how dear their
dwelling-place.  
And on that cheek, and o'er that brow,  So soft,
so calm, yet eloquent,  The smiles that win, the
tints that glow,   But tell of days in goodness
spent,  A mind at peace with all below,   A heart
whose love is innocent!
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Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-1822) Ode To The
West Wind Ozymandias
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Percy Shelly, fought injusticeand Greek war of
independence from the Turks.
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Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is What if
my leaves are falling like its own?The tumult of
thy mighty harmoniesWill take from both a deep
autumnal tone,Sweet though in sadness. Be thou,
Spirit fierce,My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous
one!Drive my dead thoughts over the
universe,Like witherd leaves, to quicken a new
birthAnd, by the incantation of this
verse,Scatter, as from an unextinguishd
hearthAshes and sparks, my words among
mankind!Be through my lips to unawakend
earthThe trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind,If
Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?
Ode to the West Wind Chart 5
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John Keats(1795-1821) To Autumn
Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness,Close
bosom-friend of the maturing sunConspiring with
him how to load and blessWith fruit the vines
that round the thatch-eves runTo bend with
apples the mossed cottage-trees,And fill all
fruit with ripeness to the coreTo swell the
gourd, and plump the hazel shellsWith a sweet
kernel to set budding more,And still more,
later flowers for the bees,Until they think warm
days will never cease,For Summer has
o'er-brimmed their clammy cells.
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Who hath not seen thee oft amid thy
store?Sometimes whoever seeks abroad may
findThee sitting careless on a granary
floor,Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing
windOr on a half-reaped furrow sound
asleep,Drows'd with the fume of poppies, while
thy hookSpares the next swath and all its twinéd
flowersAnd sometimes like a gleaner thou dost
keepSteady thy laden head across a brookOr by
a cider-press, with patient look,Thou watchest
the last oozings hours by hours.
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Where are the songs of Spring? Ay, where are
they?Think not of them, thou hast thy music
too,While barréd clouds bloom the soft-dying
day,And touch the stubble-plains with rosy
hueThen in a wailful choir the small gnats
mournAmong the river sallows, borne aloftOr
sinking as the light wind lives or diesAnd
full-grown lambs loud bleat from hilly bourn
Hedge-crickets sing and now with treble softThe
red-breast whistles from a garden-croftAnd
gathering swallows twitter in the skies.
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The Victorian Age 1830-1901

• Industry
• Growth of Cities
• Growth of the British Empire
• Science
• Religious Doubt
• Changing Role of Women

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Elizabeth Barrett Browning
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Alfred Lord Tennyson
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Charles Darwin(???)
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Dickens Novels

• The First Period
• Sketches by Boz
• 1836-37 Pickwick Papers
• 1837-38 Oliver Twist
• 1838-39 Nicholas Nickleby
• 1840-41 Old Curiosity Shop
• Barnaby Rudge

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The Second Period 1842 American
Notes 1843-45 Martin Chuzzlewit 1843
A Christmas Carol (a Christmas
book) 1844 The Chimes (a Christmas
book) 1845 The Cricket on the
Hearth (a Christmas book) 1846-48
Dombey AND Son 1849-50 David
Copperfield
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The Third Period 1852-53 Bleak
House 1854 Hard
Time 1855-57 Little
Dorrit 1859 A Tale of Two
Cites 1860-61 Great
Expectations 1864-65 Our Mutual
Friend 1870 Edwin Drood
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Jane Austen(17751817) Pride and Prejudice
Sense and Sensibility Emma Persuasion Mans
field Park
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Jane Austen(17751817) Pride and Prejudice
It is the story of a young girl who rejects an
offer of marriage because the young nobleman who
makes it has been rude to her family. It is a
very plot but around it the authoress has woven
vivid pictures or the everyday life of simple
country society. Purpose ask the students to
read novels of the time that they clearly get
aware of it. Like the time economy, history and
persons. Also a lot of incidents which are
related to them. Only on the base if through
understanding the history with regards to
economic, military and even climatic change or
development can we fully understand the hero or
the heroing of the literatural world.
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Besides this we should compare them with
present time if the time of our own culture. Like
Victorian age and late Qing Dynasty, students
should know Chao Xueqin, Lin Zhenxu. Also some
questions should be raised always in the mind.
Why Victorian Age was so powerful in terms of her
economic and military and industrial
development. Assignment A essay on Tess of
the DUrbervilles, Jane Eyre, Pride and
Prejudice.
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1. Through all the writing practice
students can get more benefits in narration .
Talks and discussion on Tess would set people
thinking. Suppose Tesss happy ending. What it
would be like? Ask students to prepare imagined
ending. hoping Tess will happily live with
Angel and with the baby growing healthily.
2. Other novelists of the Victorian Age
Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell(18181865). She has a
strong sympathy for the workers. Masterpiece
Cranford , Marry Barton , Biography of Charlotte
Bronte
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Jane Austen completed six novels, Northanger
Abbey, Persuasion, Sense and Sensibility, Pride
and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, and Emma. Her
novels were published anonymously owing to the
prejudice prevailing at the time concerning the
writing of novels by a lady. Living a quiet
life in the countryside, she kept her eyes
steadily upon the people and incidents about
herm, and wrote the small part of the world she
lived in.
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Pride and Prejudice has been the most widely
read among them. Austen began to write it when
she was 21.But the manuscript went begging for
16 years at the doors of publishers before it was
published in 1813.It is the story of a young girl
who rejected an offer of marriage because the
young nobleman who makes it has been rude to her
family. It is a very thin plot, but around it the
authoress has woven vivid pictures if the
everyday life of simple country society.
Through description id the daily talks and doings
of the young men and the women. Austen paints
their characters. She is at her best in writing
about young girls, because she understood them
astonishingly well.
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Victorian Age Queen Victorian was the
ruler of English from 1837 to 1901, so it is
customary to call the writing produced during
this long stretch or years Victorian literature.
Three phases the Early Victorian Period
(18321848), a time of troubles the
MidVictorian Period(18481870), a time of
economic prospering and religious controversy
and the Last Period(18701901), a time
characterized by decay of Victorian values.
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????????? ?????????? Charles Dickens
David Copperfield William Makepeace Thomas
Hardy Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell
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Victorian Poetry ????????? Alfred Lord Tennyson
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Thomas Hardy Tess of the DUrbervilles
Questions the modern meaning o female problem
womens liberation . Is there still a Tess around
you? There figure Alec, Angel Clare, talker of
Tess , are good people.
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Jane Erye ?? Jane?Helen ????????????,???Hel
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????,?Helen??Miss Temple is full of goodness.
She guilty tells me of my mistakes , and praises
me if I do well. Jane???????????????????J
ane???Mrs. Reed?????Jane???????????????
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Why did I never hear of this? I asked, amaze.
I hated you so much that I wrote back to him,
telling him you had died o typhus fever at
Lowood. That was my revenge on you, for causing
me so much trouble! She cried angrily. Dear
aunt, I said, dont think about that any
more ??? Jan? Rochester ???????????????????????
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Thomas Hardy(18401928). Novelist and poet,
is one o the representatives of English critical
realism at the turn of the 19th century. He was
born in Dorset, a southern country of England,
which he called Wessex in his books.
Hardy wrote prodigiously. His principal works are
the Wessex Novel. i.e. the novels describing the
characters and environment of his native
countryside. They include Under the Greenwood
Tree. Far from Madding Crowd. The Mayor of
Casterbridge. Jude the obscure.
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Lecture with Debate Talks Topic Comparison
between Charles Dickens and William Makepeace
Thackeray The coincidence of the same birth
period of the two great novelists The main idea
or rough impression of the two. Why you like
either of them? Thackeray, borrowing Bunyans
idea Vanity city regard the circle o petty
bourgeois and aristocratic society as Vanity
Faire, a faire where should sold all sorts of
vanity. Therefore, at this faire are all such
merchandise sold, as horses, lands , trades,
places, honors, preferments, titles countries,
Kingdoms, lusts, pleasures and delights of all
sorts, as whores, bawds wives, husbands,
children, masters, servants, lives, blood,
bodies, souls, silver, gold, pearls, precious
stones and what not
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Mathew Arnold (18221888) Dover Beach
Explanation of their city Dover where recently
about 50 Chinese were dead during struggling
transport to England from Spain Also tell the
students the spelling mistakes of
printing. Related to Wordsworths poems
Samuel Johnson Letter to Lord Chesterfield
??Wordsworth?Letter to Lord Chesterfield??????????
??Sea of Faith??????????????
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Robber Browning(18121889) Meeting At Night
Browning began his literary career as an ardent
follower or Shelly. Late he managed to avoid the
subjective of Shelley and created his own
objective way of writing. His earliest
works included Pauline(1833) his first poem
Paracelsus
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Oscar Wilde(1854 ---1900) Preface to the
picture of Dorian Gray Oscar Wilde ,a dramatist,
poet, novelist and essayist was born in Dublin,
Ireland. IN 1879, he settled in London and soon
won a reputation both as a writer and as a
spokesman Or the school of Art for Arts Sake.
He soon became the leader of the Aesthetic
Movement. Vera----- a play The Picture of Dorian
Gray
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James Joyce 1882-1941 The psychoanalytic method
of Sigmuid Freud (1856-1939) and intuitive and
semi-mystical philosophy of Henri Bergson
(1859-1941) also contributed to both the form and
content of stream of consciousness
fiction. Stream of consciousness , which presents
the (hoight) of character in the random,
seemingly unorganized fashion in which the
thinking process occurs, has the following
characteristics.
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Although James Joyce did not invent to
technique of Stream of consciousness fiction, no
other writer in England used it so systematically
or such profound effect. He worked tirelessly to
perfect this technique through careful use of
words, to convey precisely and subtly to the
reader what was the inner, mental state of his
characters. Ulysesses (1922-) is generally
acknowledge to be his master piece and a typical
example of stream of consciousness technique.
This novel deals with the events of one day in
Dublin in June, 1904
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Modernist Novelists James Joyce
(18821941) Virginia Woolf (18821941)
D.H. Lawrence (18851930) Virginia
Woolf ?????,????????????,????????????9???????????
???The Voyage Dut,1915. Night and Day, 1919.
Jacobs Room Mrs. Dalloway, 1925. To the
Lighthouse, 1927. Orlando, 1928. The Waves, 1941.
The Years, 1937. Between the Acts, 1941.
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108
D.H.Lawrance (18851930)
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in Love1921????????????????????????
???????????Lady Chatterleys Lover1928?
109
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110
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