Islam en Amйrique du Nord

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Islam en Amérique du Nord
Patrice Brodeur, Ph.D.
Chaire de recherche du Canada Islam, Pluralisme
et Globalisation Faculté de Théologie et de
Sciences des Religions 30 juin, 2010
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Contenu 

• 1) Chronologie de lislam dans le  nouveau
  monde 
• 2) Défis post-9/11
• 3) Islam aux États-Unis aujourdhui
• 4) Islam au Canada
• 5) Islam au Québec

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Diversité en Islam

• Différences communautaires par rapport à
  linterprétation de lhistoire initiale de
  lislam
• Sounnite - Chiites - Kharijites/Ibadites
• Différentes approches discursives
• philosophique, juridique, mystique
• Vecteur des degrés de pratique  très pratiquants
  à non-pratiquants

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Portrait statistique Visions du Monde
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Chronologie de lislam aux États-Unis

• 1178 A Chinese document know as the Sung Document
  records the voyage of Muslim sailors to a land
  know as Mu-Lan-Pi (America). Mention of this
  document is contained in the publication, the
  Khotan Amiers, 1933. 
• 1310 Abu Bakari (Abu Bakar), a Muslim king of the
  Malian Empire, spearheads a series of sea voyages
  to the New World. 
• 1312 African Muslims (Mandinga) arrive in the
  Gulf o Mexico for exploration of the American
  interior using the Mississippi River as their
  access route. These Muslim explorers were from
  Mali and other parts of West Africa. 
• 1513 Pri Ries completes his first world map,
  including the Americas, after research maps from
  all over the world. The practicality and artistry
  of his map surpassed any from his time or
  before. 
• 1530 African slaves arrive in America. During the
  slave trade, more than 10 million Africans were
  uprooted from their homes and brought to American
  shores. Many of these slaves were from the Fulas,
  Fula Jallon, Fula Toro, and Massiona as well as
  other areas of West Africa. These areas were
  governed from their capital, "Timbuctu." These
  slaves were sent to Mexico, Cuba, and South
  America. More than 30 percent of these 10 million
  slaves were Muslim. They became the backbone of
  American economy. 
• 1539 Estevanico of Azamor, a Muslim from Morocco,
  lands in Florida with the ill-fated expedition of
  Panfilo de Narvaez in 1527. Estevanico remained
  in America to become the first of three Americans
  to cross the continent. At least two states owe
  their beginnings to this Muslim, Arizona New
  Mexico. .

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• 1732 Ayyub ibn Sulaiman Jallon, a Muslim slave in
  Maryland, is set free by James Oglethorpe,
  founder of Georgia, and provided transportation
  to England. He arrived home (Boonda, Galumbo)
  from England in 1735. 
• 1790 Moors from Spain are reported living in
  South Carolina and Florida. 
• 1807 United States Congress prohibits the
  importation of slaves into America after Jan. 1,
  1808. Despite suppression of the slave trade
  during the next 60 years, slavery reached its
  peak between 1840 and 1860.
• 1807 Yarrow Mamout, an African Muslim slave, is
  set free in Washington DC, and later becomes one
  of the first shareholders of the second chartered
  bank in America, the Columbia Bank. Yarrow may
  have lived to be more than 128 years old, the
  oldest person in American history.
• 1809 Al Haj Umar ibn Sayyid is enslaved in
  Charleston after running away. In jail, he is
  visited by John Owen and taken to Blade County
  and placed on the Owen plantation. John Owen
  later became Governor of North Carolina. It has
  been reported that Umar lived to be 100 years
  old. 
• 1828 Abdulrahman Ibrahim Ibn Sori, a former
  prince from West Africa and now a salve on a
  Georgia plantation, is freed by the order of
  Secretary of State Henry Clay and President John
  Quincy Adams. He was known to many during his
  lifetime as "The Prince of Slaves." A drawing of
  him, done by Henry Inman, is displayed in the
  Library of Congress. His life has also been
  well-documented. 

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• 1839 Sayyid Sa'id, ruler of Oman, orders his ship
  The Sultana to set sail for America on a trade
  mission. The Sultana touched port in New York,
  April 30, 1840. Although the voyage was not a
  commercial success, it marks the point of
  successful friendly relations between the two
  countries that continue to this day. 
• 1856 The United States cavalry hire a Muslim by
  the name of Hajji Ali to experiment with raising
  camels in Arizona. 
• 1865 The American Civil War ends. During the war,
  the "scorched earth" policy of the North
  destroyed churches, farms, schools, libraries,
  colleges, and a great deal of other property. The
  libraries at the University of Alabama managed to
  save one book from the debris of their library
  buildings. The volume selected was a rare copy of
  the Qur'an. 
• 1889 Edward W. Blyden, noted scholar and social
  activist, traveled throughout the eastern and
  southern parts of the United States, proclaiming
  Islam. In a speech before the Colonization
  Society of Chicago, Blyden told his audience that
  the reasons Africans choose Islam over
  Christianity is that, "the Qur'an protected the
  Black man from self-depreciation in the presence
  of Arabs or Europeans." 
• 1893 Muslim immigrants from the Arab provinces of
  the Ottoman Empire, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, etc.
  arrive in North America. They are mainly Turks,
  Kurds, Albanians, and Arabs.

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•  
• 1913 Timothy Drew (Noble Drew Ali) establishes an
  organization in Newark, NJ, known as the Moorish
  Science Temple of America (MSTA). Drew Ali
  reportedly was commissioned by the Sultan of
  Morocco to teach Islam to Negroes in the United
  States. The MSTA is also responsible for many of
  today's African-American converts to Islam. 
• 1915 Albanian Muslims build a Masjid in Maine and
  establish an Islamic association. By 1919, they
  had established another Masjid in Connecticut.
  Theirs was one of the first associations for
  Muslims in the United States. 
• 1920 The Red Crescent, a Muslim charity modeled
  after the International Red Cross, is established
  in Detroit. 
• 1921 A branch of the Ahmadiyya Movement is
  founded in Chicago by Dr. Mufti Muhammad Sadiq.
  This movement converted many African Americans to
  their brand of Islam. 
• 1926 Duse Muhammad Ali, mentor of Marcus Garvey
  and the person who had a considerable impact upon
  Garvey's movement, establishes an organization in
  Detroit known as the Universal Islamic Society.
  Its motto was "One God, One Aim, One Destiny." 
• 1926 Polish-speaking Tatars build a mosque in
  Brooklyn, NY which is still in use. 
• 1930 African American Muslims establish the First
  Muslim Mosque in Pittsburgh, PA. 

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• 1933 The Nation of Islam (NOI), one of the most
  significant organizations in American Muslim
  history, is founded.  A high percentage of
  African Americans who were members of Nation of
  Islam later (1975) converted to  Islam. NOI was
  also effective in highlighting American
  Christians' difficulties combating the effects of
  slavery and racism among African Americans. The
  NOI's philosophy was introduced in the United
  States by Fard Muhammad (Wallace Ford), a mystic
  who disappeared in 1933. The late Elijah
  Mohammed, who succeeded Fard in 1933, helped
  build the organization into a strong ethnic
  movement advocating a deviant brand of Islam as a
  way of life. Two of the most famous African
  Americans, Muhammad Ali, and Al Hajj Malik
  al-Shabazz (Malcolm X), were early adherents of
  this movement. Both later embraced the sunni
  Islam. 
• 1934 The Lebanese Community of Cedar Rapids,
  Iowa, opens its first Masjid. 
• 1939 The Islamic Mission Society is founded in
  New York City by Sheikh Dawood. It publishes a
  magazine entitled "Muslim Sunrise." 
• 1952 Muslims in the Armed Services sue the
  federal government to be allowed to identify
  themselves as Muslims. Until then, Islam was not
  recognized as a legitimate religion. 
• 1955 The State Street Masjid in New York City is
  established by Sheikh Dawood Ahmed Faisal. It is
  still in use today and represents a special point
  in the development of the American Muslim
  community. From this Masjid was born the
  Dar-ul-Islam movement. 

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• 1960 The NOI's University of Islam schools
  flourished and drew the attention of the American
  media. Coverage focuses upon the Black Muslims'
  self-help programs for Blacks, but considered
  them a "threat" to the white establishment. 
• 1962 The Dar-ul-Islam movement, another important
  groups among the African American Muslim
  community is born. Until its disappearance in
  1982-1983, it made a serious impact upon the
  development and practice of traditional Islam in
  America. 
• 1962 The newspaper Muhammad Speaks is launched.
  It later becomes the largest minority weekly
  publication in the country and reached 800,000
  readers at its peak. In subsequent years, it
  underwent some name changes, and the NOI itself
  underwent various transformations. It has also
  been know as Bilalian News the A.M. Journal and
  currently, the Muslim Journal. 
• 1963 The Muslim Students Association (MSA) is
  established as an organization to aid foreign
  Muslims students attending schools in the United
  States. MSA now has more than 100 branches
  nationwide. In the 1970s, it gave birth to the
  Islamic Medical Association (IMA), The
  Association of Muslim Social Scientists (AMSS),
  and the Association of Muslim Scientists and
  Engineers (AMSE). 
• 1965 Al Hajj Malik al-Shabazz (Malcolm X) is
  assassinated in New York . He was one of the most
  outstanding Muslims in American history as well
  as a dedicated fighter for justice and equality
  for African Americans and other oppressed
  people. 

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• 1968 The Hanafi Movement is founded by Hamas
  Abdul Khaalis. The Hanafi Madh-hab Center was
  established in New York, but later moved to
  Washington DC. This movement had a membership of
  more than 1000 in the United States. Kareem
  Abdul-Jabbar a famous basketball player, is one
  of the Muslims who first came into contact with
  Islam through this movement. In 1977, Khaalis and
  some of his followers seized control of three
  District of Columbia buildings, holding hostages
  for more than 30 hours. One man was killed.
  Khaalis is now incarcerated in Washington DC,
  serving a sentence of 41 to 120 years. This
  movement marks a challenging period in American
  Muslim History. 
• 1971 The Association of Muslim Scientists and
  Engineers is established. 
• 1972 The Association of Muslim Scientists is
  launched. 
• 1975 Elijah Muhammad, leader of the Nation of
  Islam, dies and is succeed by his son Warith Deen
  Mohammed, who has been credited with moving the
  NOI toward the broader universal concepts of
  Islam. He is now regarded as one of the leading
  Muslim spokesmen in the United States. 
• 1981 The first American Islamic library is
  established in Plainfield, Indiana. 
• 1982 The Islamic Society of North America (ISNA)
  is established in Plainfield, IN. ISNA is now an
  umbrella organization for many active Islamic
  groups seeking to further the cause of Islam in
  the United States. 

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• 1986 Dr. Isma'il R. Al-Faruqi and his wife are
  murdered in their home outside Philadelphia. Dr.
  and Mrs. Faruqi are the authors of the Cultural
  Atlas of Islam as well as many other books and
  research papers. Dr. Faruqi is the founder of
  AMSS and the International Institute of Islamic
  Thought, located in Northern Virginia. This truly
  remarkable Muslim family is responsible for some
  of the most constructive programs to promote
  Islam in the United States. 
• 1990 Muslims hold the first solidarity conference
  called "Muslims Against Apartheid." This was the
  first conference of its kind in support of
  Muslims for the struggle against apartheid in
  South Africa. The conference was organized by the
  American Muslim Council.
• 1991 Imam Siraj Wahhaj offers an invocation
  (opening prayer) to the United States House of
  Representatives. He was the first Muslim to do
  so. 
• 1991 The Muslim Members of the Military (MMM)
  organization hold their first "Unity in Uniform"
  conference. The conference took place at Bolling
  Air Force Base in Washington DC. According to the
  Untied States Department of Defense, there are
  more than 5000 Muslims in uniform on active duty
  in the military. 
• 1991 Charles Bilal, Kountze, TX becomes the
  nation's first Muslim mayor in an American city. 
  
• 1992 Imam Warith Deen Mohammed gives the
  invocation in the Senate.
• 2001 September 11.
• 2001 Patriot Act
• 2008 Election of Barak Hosein Obama

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Population américaine musulmane

• Statistics are unreliable
• Between 2.8M and 6.5M, maybe more
• Number of Mosques
• 1994 394
• 2003 more than 750

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Portrait statistique États-Unis

• http//www.adherents.com/rel_USA.htmlreligions
• http//religions.pewforum.org/reports
• http//www.google.ca/search?qislamhistoryameric
  ahlfrrlscom.microsoften-USrlz1I7GGIT_frtbs
  tl1tboueibnIrTL2QBMP38AaQnPTRCAsaXoitime
  line_resultcttitleresnum12ved0CFoQ5wIwCw

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1 Rapport 2 Études Statistiques

• March, 2001 The Status of Muslim Civil Rights
  in the United States
• April 26, 2001 The Mosque in America
  A National Portrait
• December 19, 2001 American Muslim Poll

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Portrait statistique - Canada
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Portrait Statistique 2001 (2005)

• Voir http//www40.statcan.gc.ca/l02/cst01/demo30b
  -fra.htm
• (Comparaison entre Canada versus différentes
  provinces)

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Portrait statistique - Québec
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Mosquées et Musallas
71
5
9
8
14
8
8
11
5
3
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Organisations et Association Sunnites

• Association Bel AGIR
• Congrès Islamique Canadien
• IFRAN CANADA
• AMQ- Association musulmane québécoise
• Présence musulmane
• Muslim Welfare Association
• Scout Musulman
• Amal Center for Women

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Organisations et Association Chiites

• Ahlul Bait Mosque
• Alhawraa Zeinad Foundation
• Association Islamique Al-Rissaleh
• Centre communautaire musulman de Montréal
• Centre Islamique Imam El-Khoei
• Centre Islamique Iranien
• Centre Islamique Libanaise
• Cimetière Islamique Hamza
• Fondation Internationale Azzahra
• Journal Sada Al Mashrek

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Bibliographie / Webographie

• http//nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/twenty/
  tlinksislam.htm
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_Unite
  d_StatesIslam
• http//www.cbc.ca/littlemosque/episodes.php
• Histoire Islam aux États-Unis
• http//www.amazon.ca/History-Islam-America-World-O
  rder/dp/0521614872/refsr_1_1?ieUTF8sbooksqid
  1277904194sr1-1reader_0521614872 (livre
  Kambiz GhaneaBassiri, 2010)
• http//www.islam101.com/history/muslim_us_hist.htm
  l (chronology, Fareed H. Numan, 1992)
• http//www.google.ca/search?qislamhistoryameric
  ahlfrrlscom.microsoften-USrlz1I7GGIT_frtbs
  tl1tboueibnIrTL2QBMP38AaQnPTRCAsaXoitime
  line_resultcttitleresnum12ved0CFoQ5wIwCw
  (en français)
• Sociologie religieuse aux Etats-Unis
• http//pluralism.org/
• http//pluralism.org/resources/statistics/islam_di
  stribution.gif
• Organismes principaux
• http//www.cair.com/ et http//www.caircan.ca/
• http//www.isna.net/home.aspx et articles
  http//www.cair.com/AmericanMuslims/ReportsandSurv
  eys.aspx

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• Shoukran jazîlan !
• Merci beaucoup !