Ancient China and India

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Ancient China and India

• Mr. Stikes

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• SSWH2 The student will identify the major
  achievements of Chinese and Indian societies from
  1100 BCE to 500 CE.
• a. Describe the development of Indian
  civilization include the rise and fall of the
  Maurya Empire, the Golden Age under Gupta, and
  the emperor Ashoka.
• b. Explain the development and impact of Hinduism
  and Buddhism on India and subsequent diffusion of
  Buddhism.
• c. Describe the development of Chinese
  civilization under the Zhou and Qin.
• d. Explain the impact of Confucianism on Chinese
  culture include the examination system, the
  Mandate of Heaven, the status of peasants, the
  status of merchants, and the patriarchal family,
  and explain diffusion to Southeast Asia, Japan,
  and Korea.
• e. Explain how the geography of the Indian
  Subcontinent contributed to the movement of
  people and ideas.

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WHO?
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Who?

• Harappans
• Aryans
• Gupta
• Shang
• Zhou
• Qin

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WHERE?
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China and India
CHINA
Mesopotamia
Egypt
You are here
INDIA
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WHEN?
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When?

• 1100 B.C.E. to 500 C.E.

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Geography and India

• PURPOSE OF SECTION
• Explain how the geography of the Indian
  Subcontinent contributed to the movement of
  people and ideas.

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Early India Geography

• Early Indian civilizations developed in the Indus
  River valley
• India is separated from the
  rest of Asia by two major
  mountain ranges
• Himalayas
• Hindu Kush

Hindu Kush
Himalayas
Indian subcontinent
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• Invaders can only enter the Indian subcontinent
  over water or through a small number of mountain
  passes

Khyber Pass
Hindu Kush
Himalayas
Indian subcontinent

• The most well-known mountain pass is the Khyber
  Pass.

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Early India Geography

• Plains stretch south from the mountains
• There are three major rivers on these plains
• Indus
• Ganges
• Brahmaputra

Brahmaputra River
Indus River
Ganges River
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Early India Geography

• Two seasonal winds called monsoons affect the
  climate
• Winter or Northeast (November to March)
• Brings dry air from mountains
• Summer or Southwest (June to September)
• Brings wet air from the ocean

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Development of Ancient India

• PURPOSE OF SECTION
• Describe the development of Indian civilization
  include the rise and fall of the Maurya Empire,
  the Golden Age under Gupta, and the emperor
  Ashoka.

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Harappan Civilization

• We have named the first major civilization of
  India the Harappan civilization, after one of
  its major cities
• The Harappan civilization reached its zenith
  about 2500 B.C.E.

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Harappan Civilization
Excavations of Mohenjo-Daro

• The most important advancement of the Harappan
  people was the development of planned cities
• Cities were laid out in a grid pattern

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Aryan Civilization

• Beginning in 1500 B.C.E., a group of peoples
  called Aryans invaded the Indus River valley

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Aryan Civilization

• The Aryans originated from the area north of the
  Black and Caspian Seas
• The Aryans entered India through the Khyber Pass

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Aryan Civilization

• Nomadic at first, settled down into agriculture
  in Indus Valley
• Each tribe led by a rajah (chief)
• Importance of cattle
• Served as basis of diet, eventually used as money

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Aryan India

• Spoke the Sanskrit language
• Wrote the Vedas
• Means Books of Knowledge
• Formed the basis of the Aryan religion
• 4 Vedas
• Rig Veda
• Sama Veda
• Yajur Veda
• Atharva Veda

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Aryan Social Structure

• Called Caste System
• System of 4 varnas (social classes)
• Each varna had its own duties (called dharma)
• Eventually, varnas were subdivided into smaller
  jati
• Outside the system of varnas was a group called
  Pariahs untouchables or outcasts

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Aryan Social Structure
Varnas
Groups outside the Varnas
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Indias Two Epics

• These addressed the concepts of good and evil and
  taught proper behavior
• Together with Vedas, form basis of early Indian
  religion
• Mahabharata
• 100,000 verses
• One portion, Bhagavad Gita (Song of the Lord)
  is most famous)
• Ramayana
• Tale of Rama, the ideal king, and his queen Sita

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Mauryan Empire (321
B.C. - 184 B.C.)

• Unified by Chandragupta Maurya
• Overthrew the king of Magaha
• Skilled administrator
• Developed efficient
  postal system

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Mauryan Empire (321
B.C. - 184 B.C.)

• Ashoka, grandson of Chandragupta, ruled from 274
  B.C. to 232 B.C.
• He built an empire that covered 2/3 of India

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Mauryan Empire (321
B.C. - 184 B.C.)

• In 262 B.C., after defeating the kingdom of
  Kalinga, Ashoka became convinced of non-violence
  and adopted Buddhism

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Mauryan Empire (321 B.C. -
184 B.C.)

• After the adoption of Buddhism, Ashoka
• Never again went to war
• Carved his laws on rocks and placed them
  throughout the kingdom
• Established free hospitals and veterinary clinics
• Built roads with rest areas for travelers

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Gupta Empire (A.D. 310
A.D. 415)

• Built by Chandragupta I
• no relation to Chandragupta Maurya
• Called the Golden Age of India
• Built many Hindu temples
• Reached height under Chandragupta II (A.D. 375
  415)

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Gupta Empire (A.D. 310 A.D. 415)

• Achievements
• Folktales Drama
• Panchantantra folktales to teach moral lessons
  through stories of animals
• Kalidasa, famous playwright wrote Shakuntala
  about the love between a king and forest maiden
• Mathematics
• Developed principles leading to algebra
• Invented concepts of infinity and zero
• Devised symbols for 1-9 (Arabic Numerals)
• Astronomy
• Realized earth is round
• Trade
• Land and sea trade
• Arabia gems, spices, cotton, teak and ebony
• China silk
• Rome gold

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Hinduism and Buddhism

• PURPOSE OF SECTION
• Explain the development and impact of Hinduism
  and Buddhism on India and subsequent diffusion of
  Buddhism.

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Hinduism
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• National religion of India
• Based on variety of beliefs and practices
• Is henotheistic recognize existence of many gods
  but believe in only one supreme god

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Hinduism

• God Brahman all of the universe is one entity
• Three most important facets/aspects of Brahman
• Brahma Creator
• Continues to create new creations
• Vishnu Preserver
• Preserves new creation, sometimes by traveling to
  earth if necessary
• Siva Destroyer
• Can be compassionate or destructive

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Hinduism

• Belief in reincarnation (or transmigration of the
  soul)
• The soul is reborn into another body after death
• Karma determines where you are born
• Karma- the accumulation of good or bad deeds
• Therefore your actions determine your station in
  life

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Hinduism (Reincarnation, cont.)

• One can be born into a higher caste or lower
  caste
• Eventually, one can escape the cycle and reach
  enlightenment
• Called moksha
• Prayer, rituals, self-denial and rejection of
  worldly possessions can help achieve this

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Hinduism

• Belief in dharma
• Dharma duties you are expected to perform, the
  ethical way in which you are supposed to behave
• Belief in ahimsa nonviolence towards all living
  things

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Hindu Symbols
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• Aum (or Om)
• Represents Brahman, everything that is absolute
  in the universe

• Swastika
• Represents everything that is good in the world
• Means it is well or may good prevail

• Color Saffron (Represents fire from Brahman)

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Buddhism

• Founded by Siddhartha Gautama
• Called Buddha
• Means Enlightened One
• Legend
• Born into luxury, became shocked when he drove
  around in his chariot and saw poverty and
  sickness
• Left wife and newborn son to wander around India
  at age 29
• Lived as hermit for 7 years until finally finding
  enlightenment

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Buddhism

• Related to Hinduism
• Shares belief of
• Karma
• (accumulation of good or bad deeds)
• Dharma
• (but in this case is the teachings of Buddha
  telling you how to act/live)
• Reincarnation
• (rebirth)
• Differs Rejection of caste system

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Buddhism

• Teachings
• Four Noble Truths
• The truth of suffering (dukkha)
• All people suffer and know sadness and sorrow
• The truth of the cause of suffering (samudaya)
• People suffer because of their material desires
• The truth of the end of suffering (nirhodha)
• Suffering could end by elimination desires
• The truth of the path that frees us from
  suffering (magga)
• By following the Eightfold Path one could
  eliminate desires

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Buddhism

• Eightfold Path
• Know truth
• Resist evil
• Say nothing to hurt others
• Respect life
• Work for the good of others
• Free your mind from evil
• Control your thoughts
• Practice meditation

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Buddhism

• Purpose To reach nirvana (enlightenment)
• More philosophy than religion, but can be
  considered both or either
• The Middle Way is important
• Away from extremes
• Moderation

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Eight Auspicious Symbols of Buddhism
Right-coiled White Conch
Dharma Wheel
Precious Umbrella
Auspicious Drawing
Victory Banner
Lotus Flower
Golden Fish
Vase of Treasure
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Color Symbolism in Buddhism

• Blue coolness, infinity
• Black hate, primordial darkness
• White knowledge, purity
• Red sacred blood, life
• Green balance, harmony
• Yellow earth, renunciation

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Diffusion of Buddhism

• The first great missionary faith
• Spread into Afghanistan by A.D. 1
• Spread into China during mid 1st century A.D.
• Reached Japan and Korea by A.D. 500

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Diffusion of Buddhism

• Ashoka was the first ruler to send out Buddhist
  missions to convert other nations, helping the
  religion spread

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Diffusion of Buddhism
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Diffusion of Buddhism

• In some places, Buddhism merged with local
  traditions
• Examples
• Zen Buddhism in Japan
• Pure Land and Chan Buddhism in China
• Buddhism in Vietnam

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Buddhism Throughout Asia
Japan
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Buddhism Throughout Asia
China
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Buddhism Throughout Asia
Vietnam
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Buddhism Throughout Asia
Thailand
Afghanistan
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Ancient China

• PURPOSE OF SECTION
• Describe the development of Chinese civilization
  under the Zhou and Qin.

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Ancient China

• Early societies in China developed along the
  Yangtze and Huang He (Yellow River)
• It is the 3rd longest river in the world
• People lived here for 27,000 years

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Shang China (1700 B.C.
1100 B.C.)

• The Shang was the first Chinese dynasty
• Agrarian
• Did not use plows
• Only used wooden and stone tools
• First Chinese dynasty with written language
• Used oracle bones

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Oracle Bones

• Sometimes called dragon bones
• Used to predict the future
• Process
• A question was written on the bone.
• The bone was fired and a T shaped crack appeared
• The crack was interpreted
• The interpretation was then written on the bone.
• After the predicted event occurred, the date of
  the occurrence was also written on the bone.

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Oracle Bone
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Shang Religion

• The Shang religion had two main components
• Worship of Shang Ti
• Supreme god who ruled over lesser gods and the
  forces of the earth (rain, wind, sun)
• Ancestor Worship
• One act of worship was human sacrifice
• When a king died, often hundreds of servants
  would be sacrificed with him
• For less important events, like the opening of a
  temple, smaller numbers would be sacrificed

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Shang China (1700 B.C.
1100 B.C.)

• Shang capital was at Zhengzhou
• It had walls 30 feet high, 65 feet wide and over
  4 miles long!

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Zhou China (1100
B.C. 250 B.C.)

• Nomadic tribe that defeated the Shang dynasty
• Established the idea of the Mandate of Heaven
  to validate their rule
• Mandate of Heaven Authority granted by heaven to
  deserving rulers

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Zhou China (1100
B.C. 250 B.C.)

• Feudal system of government
• Land given to vassals
• Cities divided into two parts
• One for Zhou citizens
• One for Shang persons

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Zhou China (1100
B.C. 250 B.C.)

• Map of Zhou China at its greatest extent

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Warring States Period (475
B.C. 221 B.C.)

• The last portion of the Zhou dynasty is called
  the Warring States Period
• This is because many large states in China were
  fighting to control the whole empire

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Warring States Period (475
B.C. 221 B.C.)

• The Warring States Period is considered the
  Golden Age of Chinese Philosophy
• Confucianism was developed
  during this time
• Taoism was developed during this time
• Legalism was developed during this time

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Confucianism

• Founded by Kongfuzi (551-479 B.C.)
• (anglicized as Confucius)
• Taught that social harmony and good government
  would return to China if people lived ethically
• Writings were collected and called the Analects

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Taoism

• Based on teachings of Laozi
• Called Tao Te Ching
• Emphasizes harmony of individual with nature
• The tao universal force that guides all
  things

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Legalism

• Developed from Hanfeizi
• Humans are evil by nature and need a strict law
• Used to support strict laws and harsh punishments

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Taoism v. Confucius/Legalism

• Confucianism/Taoism

• Legalism

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Qin China (221 B.C. 206 B.C.)

• China was unified by Qin Shihuangdi
• Name means First Emperor
• Utilized cavalry to conquer their enemies
• Divided his empire into 36 military districts
• Each had a civil governor, a military commander,
  and an imperial inspector
• Each was subdivided into counties

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Qin China (221 B.C. 206 B.C.)

• Legalist form of government
• Qin Shihuangdi destroyed the power of the nobles
• All nobility were removed from their positions
  and sent to live in the capital
• This prevented local leaders from becoming strong
  enough to challenge the Emperor

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Qin China (221 B.C. 206 B.C.)

• 213 B.C. - Afraid of rebellion from the literate,
  Qin Shihuangdi burned thousands of books relating
  to philosophy and government
• Peasants hated Qin Shihuangdi for his
  forced-labor gangs which constructed immense
  public works

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End of Qin China

• Qin Shihuangdi died in 210 B.C. and was succeeded
  by his son
• Son was weak leader
• Hatred for Qin boiled over into rebellion in 206
  B.C.

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Qin China

• The greatest extent of Qin territory

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Achievements of the Qin

• Standardized the Chinese language
• Standardized system of measurements and currency
• Set up a unified law code for China
• We get the modern day name for China from the Qin

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Qin China (221 B.C. 206 B.C.)

• Famous for the Terra Cotta Army

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Qin China (221 B.C. 206 B.C.)

• Connected walls built along the northern border
  of China to form the Great Wall
• It stretched 4,000 miles

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Confucianism

• PURPOSE OF SECTION
• Explain the impact of Confucianism on Chinese
  culture include the examination system, the
  Mandate of Heaven, the status of peasants, the
  status of merchants, and the patriarchal family,
  and explain diffusion to Southeast Asia, Japan,
  and Korea.

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Confucianism

• Founded by Kongfuzi (551-479 B.C.)
• (anglicized as Confucius)
• Taught that social harmony and good government
  would return to China if people lived ethically
• Writings were collected and called the Analects

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Confucianism

• Stressed the importance of five relationships
• Ruler subject
• Parent child
• Filial piety children respecting their parents
• Husband wife
• Old young
• Friend friend

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Confucianism Government

• Confucius taught that teaching ethics to people
  would allow them police each other
• Confucius believed in a meritocracy
• That means that jobs are given to the most
  qualified, not just to those of noble birth

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Examination System

• System for developing the Chinese bureaucracy
• The most qualified candidates would be hired
• This would be determined by written examinations
  in Confucian writings and teachings
• Eventually, almost all people in China could take
  these exams and work for the government
• Why was it beneficial to work for the government?

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Mandate of Heaven

• Authority granted by heaven to deserving rulers
• If rulers were just and fair, heaven would not
  allow them to be overthrown
• If rulers were immoral, they would be overthrown
• What consequences does this have?

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Social Classes in Chinese Society

• Landowners
• Peasants
• Merchants

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Status of Landowners in
Chinese culture

• Wealthy
• Powerful formed first bureaucracies

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Status of Peasants in
Chinese culture

• 90 of all the people
• Most lived in villages and walked to fields
  surrounding their villages
• Paid taxes of produce and livestock and had to
  work one month a year on public works projects
  (roads, walls, etc.)
• Could be drafted into the army

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Status of Merchants
in Chinese culture

• Includes shopkeepers, traders, bankers
• Generally not allowed to take civil service
  examinations
• Confucianism said pursuit of profit bad

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Patriarchal Family

• Family members were not equals
• Top oldest male (father), followed by males in
  chronological order, then females
• Role of the Father
• Determined education, career and marriages for
  his children
• Controlled finances
• Rewarded or punished as he saw fit
• Structured, each member had specific duties