Swine Introduction and Breeds

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Swine Introduction and Breeds

• Dr. Randy Harp

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Swine

• Domestication
• species
• sus scrofa - wild boar
• sus vittatus - domesticated pig
• Factors favorable for swine production
• prolificacy
• conversion of grain and waste to meat
• cash flow is quicker

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Swine

• Factors unfavorable
• cost of grain
• more sensitive to careless management
• susceptibility to diseases
• fencing or facilities
• labor esp. at farrowing
• Future
• competition, human consumption of pork

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Feeding Swine

• Basic diet corn and soybean meal
• Pelleted versus bulk ground meal
• Basic nutrients
• Protein
• CHO
• Fat
• Vitamins and minerals
• Water

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Swine Feeding Stages

• starter pig ration at 10- 40 lbs (18)
• grower at 40 - 100/125 lbs (16)
• finishing at 125-250 lbs (12-14)
• feed efficiency should be around 31
• 3 lbs of feed to - one lb. of wt. gain
• replacement gilts - 4 lbs/day
• increase feed 2-3 X during lactation

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Swine Feeding cont.

• Sows boars are condition dependent
• do not over feed
• Soft Pork - caused by lower melting points in the
  fat caused by feeding certain feedsie too much
  peanut meal
• Trichinosis trad. garbage fed swine
• Pale, Soft, and Exudative Pork

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Swine Breeding

• Purebred linebreeding, outcrossing
• Crossbreeding- hybridization
• Company specific
• Commercial industry

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Swine Reproduction

• Gestation- 114 days
• Estrous 21 days
• Estrus 2-3 days
• Birth weight 2-4 lbs.
• Weaning weight 12-15 lbs.
• Days at market (250 lbs) - 180

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SwineEstablishing a herd

• Type and breed
• size and age of animals to purchase
• Health (diseases)
• Water quality and availability
• price
• selection systems
• Environmental control (housing) / EPA
• waste management

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Swine

• Types and breeds of swine
• Causes for type
• consumer demand
• availability of feeds
• breeding type by breeders
• Types
• meat, bacon, lard

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Swine

• Major purebred breeds
• Hampshire
• Yorkshire
• Duroc
• Spot
• Poland
• Chester White
• Landrace

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US Swine Breeds
- 40 World wide - Only 8 Industry Impact
Four Classifications

• Sire / Carcass Breeds
• Maternal Breeds
• Minor Breeds
• Swine Company Genetics

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Breeds of Swine

• classification by type
• lard, meat, or bacon
• all US breeds are now meat/lean type
• 7 major purebreeds vs new and hybrid breeds
• Black and Red or sire/Carcass breeds
• White or Mother Breeds/Maternal

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Sire/Carcass Breeds

• Berkshire- black with six white points with erect
  ears
• origin- England/ medium frame size
• probably the best mother of colored breeds
• Hampshire- black with white belt
• origin - Boone County, Kentucky
• known as the carcass breed

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Sire/Carcass Breeds
Berkshire

• Developed
• Berkshire England
• Characteristics
• Black with erect
• 6 white points
• Face, legs, tail
• Noted For
• True Pure Breed
• Highest Pork Quality

Berkshire Gold - Premium Pork Product
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Sire/Carcass Breeds

• Hampshire- most popular sire or terminal crosses
• Poland China- black with six white points with
  drooping ears
• origin- Butler and Warren counties, Ohio
• known for their carcass merit and size

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Sire/Carcass Breeds
Hampshire

• Developed
• Hampshire Co. England
• Imported in 1825 to Kentucky
• Called Thin Rinds
• Major growth in 30s
• Characteristics
• Black with a White Belt
• Noted For
• Carcass Traits
• Heaviest muscled leanest breed

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Colored Breeds cont.

• Spot - Spotted Poland China until 1961
• approx. 50 white and black with drooping ears
• origin - Indiana from Gloucester Old Spots
  imported from England
• Pietran- known for carcass yield, not qual.
• Duroc - Red with drooping ears (light sandy to
  dark red)
• known for growth, hardiness

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Sire/Carcass Breeds
Pietrain

• Developed
• Belgium
• Characteristics
• Spotted
• Double muscled
• Noted For
• Leanness and muscle
• Below average pork quality

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Sire/Carcass Breeds
Duroc

• Developed
• New Jersey Reds
• Sire named Duroc
• Characteristics
• Red body
• Variation is light to dark
• Noted For
• Ruggedness / durability
• Feed efficiency
• Rate of Growth

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White Breeds

• Yorkshire - white with erect ears (occasionally
  black spots on the skin that does not disqualifiy
  them to be registered)
• known as the Mother Breed due to their
  prolificacy, milking ability, feed efficiency,
  and structurally sound
• origin- England , where it is known as the Large
  White

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Mother Breeds
Yorkshire

• Developed
• York county England
• Imported in 1830
• Characteristics
• White with Erect ears
• A large breed
• Noted For
• Maternal characteristics
• Most carcass oriented of Mother breeds
• Dual Purpose

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Maternal Breeds
Chester White

• Developed
• Chester Co Pennsylvania
• Mid 1800s from White hogs in the area
• Characteristics
• White body
• More Bone Rugged design compared to other mother
  breeds
• Noted For
• Maternal characteristics
• Durability
• Meat quality

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White Breeds

• Chester White- white with drooping ears
• origin - Chester and Delaware counties of
  Pennsylvannia
• excellent mothering ability, prolific, and adapt
  well

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White Breeds

• American Landrace- white long bodied, level
  topped, straight snout and lop ears
• origin- Denmark
• Very prolific and may have 16 to 17 pairs of ribs
  (normal is 13)
• may have black spots or freckles

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Mother Breeds
Landrace

• Developed
• From Danish Landrace
• 1930s imported
• Characteristics
• White with Big Droopy ears
• Fine boned
• Distinctively long bodied
• Noted For
• Most Prolific Breed
• Largest litter size

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Other Breeds

• Hereford
• Tammworth
• OIC - Ohio Improved Chester
• Many hybrids for commercial breeding

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Cross Breeding
Crossbreeding

• Developed
• To improve the hog being developed by utilizing
  the positives from the breeds selected
• Greater performance and growth rates from
  increased hybrid vigor

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Developing F1 crosses
Yorkshire
Hampshire
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Developing F1 crosses
Duroc
Hampshire
H D Terminal Boars
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Terminal Line
Maternal Line