Hazardous Substances

1
?????? ???? ??
?????

• ??? ? ??? ? ????? ???? ?? ? ??????? ? ??????? ?
  ?????? ???? ? ???? ???? ? ????? ????? ???? ???
  ???? ???

2
????? ? ??? ? ????? ??? ????? ???? ? ???? ? ?????
???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ????
????? ?????? ???????

• ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???
  ???? ??

?????? ????? ??? ? ????? ? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???
??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ? ????? ?
?????
3
????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???

• ????? ?????? ???? ???
• ????? ????????? ???? ???
• ????? ??????? ???? ???
• ????? ?????????? ???? ???
• ????? ???? ? ????? ???????? ???? ???
• ????? ??????? ???? ???

4
??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????

• Physical State
• Gases/Vapors
• Liquids
• mists, fog, aerosols
• Solids
• dusts, fumes, smoke

5
??????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????
????? ?????? ???? Size Distribution of Dust in
Air
Size of dust particles in micron
6
??????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????
7
??????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????
Grain Sizes of Dust in an Industrial Area
8
???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???
???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????
????? ?????? Physcal Hazards
????? ??????? Health Hazards
9
?????? Explostion
????? ?????? Physcal Hazards
??? ???? Fir

• ????????? ?????? Chmicai Reactivity

????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? Water
Reactives
???? ?? ?????? Unstable Reactives
10
??? ??? ????
???? ?????? Flimanle (FP lt 100 F)
Class I A FP lt 73F BP lt 100F
Class I B FP lt 73F BP gt 100F
Class I C FP gt 73F
???? ?????? Combostible (FP gt 100 F)
Class II 100F lt FP lt140 F
Class III A 140 F lt FP lt 200 F
Class IIIB 200 F lt FP
???? ??? ??? ??? Pyrophoric Agent
11
??? ??????
UEL
?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? Uper Explosive Limit
LEL
?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? Lower Explosive Limit
12
??? ????? ????? ????

• ????????? Oxidizers
• ?????? ?? Reducers
• ??????? ??? Concentrated Acids
• ?????? ???? Concentrated Bases
• ????????? Peroxdes
• ............

13
Classes of Toxins and Toxic Responses ???? ????
????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???

• ????? ?? Irritants
• ?????? ?? Sensitizers
• ???? ??????? Systemic Toxins
• ???? ???? Neurotoxins
• ???? ????? ???? Reproductive Toxins
• ??????? ?? Carcinogens
• ??? ?????? Anoxiants
• ?? ??? ????? Anaesthtics

14
???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? Classes of
Toxins and Toxic Responses
???? ????? ?? Irritants

• ???? ????? ?????? Localized, some physical
  damage
• ????? ??? ????? Immediately effect
• ?? ????? ??? ???? Marginal Irritant
• ?? ?????? Corrosive

?? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ? ???
15
???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? Classes of
Toxins and Toxic Responses
?????? ?? Sensitizers

• ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???
• ?????? ??? ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????
  ?? ???
• ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????
  ????? ????
• ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??
  ??????? ?? ????? ???
• ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????
  ??? ???? ?? ???
• ????? ???? (?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???????????
  ) ?? ??? ????? ?? ???

16
???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? Classes of
Toxins and Toxic Responses
???? ??????? Systemic Toxins

• Toxins that affect target organs

• Vinyl chloride liver (cancer)
• Cadmium kidney
• Benzene blood marrow (leukemia)

• Toxicity mechanism is often related to the
  normal function the target organ

17
???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? Classes of
Toxins and Toxic Responses
???? ???? ???????Neuro Toxin

• ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????
  ?????
• ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????
  ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???

• ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????
  Stimulants
• ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??
  ??? Depressants
• ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??
  ??? Neuro Pathy
• ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??
  ???? Demyelinators
• ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? Anty
  Colin Straze

18
???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? Classes of
Toxins and Toxic Responses
??????? ?? ???? ????

• ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ? ????? ?
  ????? ?
• ???? ???? ??????? ??? CO Pb Hg
• ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ? ???? ?
  ???? ?? ????
• ?????? ????? ?? Pb Hg As
• ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???
• ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????
  ?????????? ???? ??????
• ?????? ????? ?? ?????? Pb As

19
???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? Classes of
Toxins and Toxic Responses
???? ????? ???? Reproductive Toxins

• ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????
• ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??
  ?? ????? ?? ?????
• Lead
• ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???
• ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ? ???? ?? ??
  ???
• ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???

20
???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? Classes of
Toxins and Toxic Responses
???? ??????? Carcinogen Toxins

• ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???
• ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????
• organic and inorganic solvents
• heavy metals
• solid materials (asbestos fibers)
• natural substances hormones, nitrosamine
• Materials that suppress the immune system
• ???? ????? ?? ?? 4 ???? ????? ?? ???
• IARC NTP OSHA ACGIH

21

• ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????
  ??????? ????

?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???
??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????
?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ? ???
????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??
???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????????
?? ?? ???? ? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????
???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???????
??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????
???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????
???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????
????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????
? ? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????
???
22
CLINICAL TOXINS

• TEMPERATUR
• INCREASED DECREASED
• ?????? ?? ???????? ??
• AMPHETAMINES ALCOHOLS
• COCAINE BARBITURATES
• BELLADONNA ALKALOIDS CLONIDINE
• FLUOROACETATE GLUTETHIMIDE
• HEXACHLOROBENZENE HALOPERIDOL
• SALICYLATES PHENOTHIAZINES
• TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS

23
CLINICAL TOXINS

• PULSE
• BRADYCARDIA ARRHYTHMIAS
• ??????? ?? ??? ??????
• ARSENIC ALCOHOLS
• CAFFEINE CARBAMATES
• SOLVENTS ORGANOPHOSPHATES

24
CLINICAL TOXINS

• RESPIRATORY RATE
• INCREASED DECREASED
• CARBON MONOXIDE ALCOHOLS
• CYANIDE CO
• FLUOROACETATE CYANIDE
• HEXACHLOROBENZENE PHENOTHIAZINES
• METHANOL
• NITRITES

25
CLINICAL TOXINS

• BLOOD PRESSURE
• INCREASED DECREASED
• AMPHETAMINES BARBITURATES
• BELLADONNA ALKALOIDS CYANIDE
• COCAINE IRON
• PHENCYCLIDINE NITRITES

26
CLINICAL TOXINS

• SKIN
• DRY MOIST
• ANTIHISTAMINES ALCOHOLS
• BELLADONNA ALKALOIDS ARSENIC
• GLUTETHIMIDE CARBAMATES MERCURY
• ORGANOPHOSPHATES
• THALLIUM

27
CLINICAL TOXINS

• SKIN COLOR
• FLUSHED CYANOTIC
• ALCOHOLS ANILINE DYES
• BORIC ACID CO
• CARBON MONOXIDE CYANIDE
• MSG NITRITES
• NITRITES

28
CLINICAL TOXINS

• SKIN COLOR
• JAUNDICED
• ANILINE DYES
• ARSENIC
• ARSINE GAS
• CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
• IRON
• PHOSPHORUS

29
CLINICAL TOXINS

• GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
• VOMITING PAIN
• ACIDS ARSENIC
• ALKALI IRON
• ARSENIC CAMPHOR FLUORIDE
• IRON

30
CLINICAL TOXINS

• CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• CONVULSIONS COMA
• ?????? ????
• CAMPHOR ALCOHOL
• CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS CARBAMATES
• LEAD CO
• NICOTINE CYANIDE
• ORGANOPHOSPHATES HYDROCARBONS
• PHENOTHIAZINES H2S
• LEAD
• ORGANOPHOSPHATES

31
CLINICAL TOXINS

• CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• ATAXIA PARALYSIS
• ??? ?? ??????
• ALCOHOLS CARBAMATES
• HYDROCARBONS THALLIUM
• PHENYTOIN ORGANOPHOSPHATES

32
??? ????? ANTIDOTES

• ????? ?????
• COMPETITIVE ANTAGONIST
• OXYGEN FOR CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING
• ????? ??? ?????
• NONCOMPETITIVE ANTAGONIST
• ATROPINE FOR ORGANOPHOSPHATE POISONING

33
??? ????? ANTIDOTES

• ???? ??????? ???? ???
• CHEMICAL NEUTRALIZATION
• SODIUM THIOSULFATE FOR CYANIDE POISONING
• ??? ????? ????????
• METABOLIC INHIBITION
• ETHANOL FOR METHANOL POISONING

34
??? ????? ANTIDOTES

• ????? ?????? - ????
• OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS
• METHYLENE BLUE FOR METHEMOHEMOGLOBINEMIA
  (CYANIDE)
• ???? ?????? ?????
• CHELATING AGENTS
• CALCIUM EDTA FOR LEAD OR ZINC POISONING
• DIMERCAPROL (BAL) FOR ARSENIC POISONING

35
????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????
???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????
Routes of Exposure

• Inhalation
• Ingestion
• Absorption through the skin
• Less common
• Injection
• Absorption through eyes and ear canals

36
????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???

• ft2 1000????? ??? ??????? ft2 20 ????? ????
• ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???
• ?????? m3 1010?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???
• ???? ???? ????? Lipid ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????
• ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??
  ??????
• ????? ???? ? ?? ???? ? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????
  ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???
  ????
• ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????
  ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????

37
???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????
????
38
??????? ????? ????
Toxicity ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ? ???
??????? ???????
?? ????? ????? ????? How much harm?
???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? What aspect
of the population?

• Notation ??????
• LD, lethal dose
• LC, lethal concentration
• ED, effective dose
• EC, effective concentration

39
???? ? ????? ???? LD50 a measure of relative
toxicity

• LD50 ???????? ???? ????
• ?? ???? ?????? ? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????????
  ???? ? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???
• Lethal Dose ????? ???? ?? ?????? 50 ???? ??
  ????? ???? ????? ? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????(?????
  ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????)
• ???? LD50 ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???
  ????? ???
• LD50, 35 mg/kg, oral, rat ????
• 35 mg of dose per kg of rats body weight, when
  administered orally, produces death in 50 of
  exposed population

40
LD50 ?????? ????? ????
41
???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????
42
?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ? ??? ??
43
???? ? ??? ????? ? ??? ??? ??
44
????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????
??????? ??? ??????
Toxicity Hazard Toxicity Dose Hazard Potential
Toxicity
Dose
45
????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???
??????? ??? ??????
46
??????? ??? Hazard Potential
???????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??
??????? ????

• ???? ????
• ????????? ????? ????
• ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???
• ????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????
  ???? ?? ????
• ????? ???? ??????? (???? ???? ?? ??? )
• ????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ??? ????
• ????? ????? ? ????? ???????

?? ????
47
Types of Exposure

• Acute
• Short term period between exposure and onset of
  symptoms
• Chronic
• Long time period between exposure to an agent and
  the onset of symptoms

48
???? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ????????
?????? ????

• Particulates
• dusts, fumes, mists, and fibers
• non respirable particles
• gt 10 ?m in diameter
• respirable particles
• lt 10 ?m in diameter

49
???? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ????????
?????? ????

• Fumes
• volatilized solids condenses in cool air
• lt 1.0 ?m in diameter
• hot vapor air (reaction with) oxide
• Mists
• suspended solid droplets
• generated by a condensation of liquids from a
  vapors to a liquid state

50
???? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ????????
?????? ????

• Fibers
• solid, slender, elongated structures
• length several times the diameter
• Gases
• formless fluids that expand to occupy a space
• arc-welding, internal combustion engine exhaust
  air
• Vapors
• liquid changed to vapor
• organic solvents

51
???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???

• ppm
• parts per million
• mg/m3
• milligrams per cubic meter
• mppcf ?? ppcf
• millions or a particle per cubic foot
• f/cc
• fibers per cubic centimeter

52
?? ??? ???
?
?? ???? ????
53
??? ???? Anticipation
??????? Recognition
?????? ??? Measurement
?????? ???? ??
???????? Evaluation
????? Control
54
?? ???? ????

• ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ? ???? ??? ???
  ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??
  ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????
• ???? ???? 8 ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???
• ?? ????? ???? ????? ? ????? ? ???? ??? ?????
  ???? ?? ???
• ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????

55
?? ???? ????

• ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???
• ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????
• ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???
• ??? ??? ????? ??? ? ?? ??? ????
• ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???
• ???? ???? ????

56
????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????

• ???????? ??? ??????
• ???????? ??? ??????

• ISO
• ILO
• IARC

• OSHA
• NIOSH
• ACGIH
• AIHA
• MAC
• OEL

57
????????? ????? ????? ??????

• ISO
• ILO
• IARC

• ???????? ??? ??????

• OSHA
• NIOSH
• ACGIH
• AIHA
• MAC
• OEL

• ???????? ??? ??????

58
????????? ????? ????? ??????

• ???????? ??? ??????

• ISO International Standard Organization
• ILO International Labour Organization
• IARC International Agency Reaserch on Cancer

59
????????? ????? ????? ??????

• OSHA
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration
• NIOSH
• National Institute of Occupational Safety and
  Health
• ACGIH
• American Conference of Governmental Industrial
  Hygienists
• AIHA
• American Industrial Hygiene Asociation

60
??? ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ????????

• OSHA PEL Permissible Exposure Limit
• NIOSH REL Recommended Exposure Level
• ACGIH TLV Threshold Limit Value
• AIHA WEEL Work Environment Exposure Limit
• IRAN OEL Occupational Exposure Limit
• RUSSIA MAC Maximum Alaweable Exposure Limit

61
?? ??? ?? ????

• OSHA
• TWA , STEL, Ceiling
• NIOSH
• TWA , STEL, Ceiling
• ACGIH
• TWA , STEL, Ceiling

IRAN TWA , STEL , Ceiling
62
????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????

• TWA Time Weight Awerage
• ?????? ???? ????
• STEL Short Term Exposure Limit
• ???? ???? ??? (15 ?????)
• Ceiling ???
• ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??
  ????

63
???? ???? ????
???? ??? ???? ????? ? ?????? ?? ??? ppm ?????
???? ????? mg/m3 ???
?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????
TLV(mg/m3 ) (TLVppm)(MW)/24.45
64
TIME WEIGHTED AVERAGE-TLV

• Time weighted average TLV is the limit
  concentration for a normal 8-hour workday in a
  40-hour workweek

TWA
Concentration
TLV-TWA
Time
65
TWA ??????

• TWA can be calculated by using the following
  expression
• where Ci is concentration at time Ti

66
DECISION

• TWA is compared with the published TLV-TWA
• If the TWA lt TLV-TWA under exposure (accept)
• If the TWA ? TLV-TWA over exposure (reject)

67
(No Transcript)
68
(No Transcript)
69
SHORT TERM EXPOSURE LIMIT (STEL)

• Average concentration (TWA) to which workers can
  be exposed for up to 15 minutes without
  suffering
• irritation
• chronic or irreversible tissue damage
• narcosis of sufficient degree to create unsafe
  conditions
• STEL is not a separate independent limit, it
  supplements the TWA

70
STEL (continuation)
15 minute TWA
STEL
Concentration
Time
15 min
60 min
71
DECISION

• Each (up to 4) of the 15-minute TWA (TWA15i) is
  compared with the STEL-TWA value
• If any of the TWA15i gt STEL-TWA
• Non-compliance with STEL
• If all of the TWA15i lt STEL-TWA
• Compliance with STEL

72
CEILING (TLV-C)

• This is the concentration that should not be
  exceeded during any part of the working exposure

73
CEILING (continuation)
Ceiling Value (TLV-C)
Compliance TWA
Concentration
Non-compliance TWA
Time
74
???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????

• ??? - ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????
  ??????????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????
  ???????? ?????

75
???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????

• ??? - ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????
  ??????????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????
  ???????? ?????

76
???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????

• ??? - ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????
  ??????????? ????? ?? ?? ?????

?? ??????? ???
?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???
77
???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????

• ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???
  ??? , ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????

78
???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????

• ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ? ?? ??
  ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????
  ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????
• ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??????
  ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????
  ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???

????
?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???
79
?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????

• ????? ?????
• ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????addetive Effect
  Agent
• ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????????
• ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?
  ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ?? ?? ????
  ???????? ??????? ????? ????
• ???? ?????? ?? ?????? (?????? ) ? ?????? ??????
  ????
• ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????
  ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ? ???? ????? ???? ??
  ????? ??????? ????? ???? ? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????
  ???? ???????

80
?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????

• ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?
  ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ( ???? ????
  ???? ) ? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????(???? ???? ????)
  ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??
  ????? ???? . ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? TLVmix ??
  ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???

a ? b ? n ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????
?????? TLVa ? TLVb ? .... TLVn ?? ???? ???? ????
a ?b?n ???
81
?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????

• ????
• ?????? ???? 20 NaOH, (TLV1mg/m3) ? 80 KOH
  (TLV2mg/m3 )??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???
  ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???

???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????
?? ????? mg/m3 83/0 ???? ????
82
?? ???? ???? NaOH ?KOH ?? ???? ?? ????? ????
????

• ?? ???? ???? NaOH ? KOK

• TLVNaOH 0.2 0.83 0.166 mg/m3
• TLVKOH 0.8 0.83 0.664 mg/m3

83
?? ???? ???? ? ???? ???
TWA gt TLW-TWA ? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????

• Deyly Aditive Effect

?? ???? ???? TWA-TWA(8/t)

• Weekly Aditiv Effect

?? ???? ???? TWA-TWA(40/t)
?????? ???? ??? ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????
??? ? ?????? ???? ???? ????
84
???? ???? ????

• ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ????
  ???
• TWA gtTLV-TWA
• ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????
  ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???

???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????
???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???
85
??? ???? Anticipation
??????? Recognition
?????? ??? Measurement
?????? ???? ??
???? ???? ?? ??????? ??
???????? Evaluation
????? Control
86
??? ???? Anticipation

• ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????
• ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ? ???????? ? ???????
• ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????
• ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ? ???? ?????
• ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????

87
??? ???? Anticipation

• ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????
  ??? ?????
• ????????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ????
• ????????? ???? ???? ?? ????????
• ????????? ??? ???? ?? ???
• ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????
• ????? ?? ????? ??????
• ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????
• ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????
  ???? ????

88
??? ???? Anticipation
89
??? ???? Anticipation
90
??????? Recognition or Identification
??????????? ????? ????? ???? ???????

• ????? ??? ?????
• ????? ????? ?????? ? ?????????
• ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????
• ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????
• ????? ??? ??????? ?????
• ?????? ??? ???? ????

91
??????? Recognition or Identification
??????????? ????? ????? ???? ???????

• ?????? ????? ????
• ???? ????? ????? ?????
• ????? ???? ??????? ? ???? ???? ????
• ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????
• ???? ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???????
• ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???

92
??????? Recognition or Identification
????
93
??????? Recognition or Identification
94
??????? Recognition or Identification
??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????

• ?????? (??????? ?? ?? ??????(
• ?? ??????
• ?????? ? ?????
• ???? ?? ??????
• ???????? ?????
• ????? ????? ???
• ????? ?????? ? ????? ????

95
?????? ??? Measurement
????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????
????? ?????

• ????? ?????? ?? ??? Sampling Air
• ????? ?????? ???? Weap Sampling
• ????? ?????? ????????? Biological Sampling

96
????? ?????? ?? ???
????? ????? ???

• ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???
• ???? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ????
• ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????
  ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???
• ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ? ?????? ??
• ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ? ?????????? ????
  ????
• ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???
  ????????

97
????? ?????? ?? ???

• ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???
• ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?
  ????? ?????? ????
• ????? ????? ???? ???????
• ????? ??? ??? ????????
• ????? ?????? ?????? ??????
• ???? ??? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ...........

98
????? ?????? ?? ???
???? ???? ????? ?????

• ???? ????? ???? ???
• ???? ????? ???? ??? ????
• ?? ??????? ????????? ???
• ???? ??

99
????? ?????? ?? ???
????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????
??????? ?

• ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
• ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
• ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????
• ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???

100
????? ?????? ?? ???
????? ????? ?????

• ????? ????
• ????? ??? ???
• ????? ????

101
????? ?????? ?? ???
????? ??? ????? ?????? ?
?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? (M.R.T)
10 ? S
M.R.T
TLV ? F
102
????? ?????? ?? ???
????? ??? ????? ?????? ?
?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? (M.R.V)
S ? 22400
M.RV
M ?TLV
103
????? ?????? ?? ???
??? ????? ???? ??? ?
????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????
?? ????
104
?????? ????? ????? ????
?????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??
?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????
1- ??? ???? ??? Integrated sampling ?
Real time Sampling

• Qualitative
• Quantitative

105
?????? ????? ????? ????
2- ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? Passive
????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ? Active ??????
?? ???? ??? ????? (???)

• ?????? ????? ???? ?????
• ?????? ???? ??? ? ???? ? ???? ?????
• ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????

106
?????? ????? ????? ????
3- ??? ????? ???? ??? Area Sampling ?????
?????? ????? ? Personal sampling ?????
?????? ???? - Static Personal Sampling -
Dynamic Personal Sampling ? - Source Sampling
????? ?????? ???? ??
107
?????? ????? ????? ????
4- ???? ???? ???? ??? Full Period Sampling
- ?? ????? ?? - ??? ????? ?? - ????????
????? - ?? ???????? ?????? ? Partial
Full Period Sampling

• ??????? ?????? ???? ???
• ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??

108
?????? ????? ????? ????
5- ??? ????? ?????? ??? Instantaneous
Sampling - ????? ???? ????? ??? - ?? ???
???? ??5???? ????(???? ???) - ??? ????? ????
??? - ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????
???? - ????. ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?
Coninuous Sampling
109
?????? ????? ????? ????
??? ??? ???? ??? Instantaneous Sampling -
Shotrt Term sampling - Spot Samoling -
Peak Sampling - Grab SAmpling
110
????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????
111
?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????
????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????
??? ????? ?????
??? ???? ????? ?????
112
??? ????? ??????Sapling poump
????? ???

• ??? ???
• ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????
• ????? ?? ????? ?????
• ????? ???? ????
• ???? ??? ????
• ??????? ???

113
????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????

• ??? ??? ??????? Piston Pump
• ????????? Acardeonic Pump
• ??? ?? Vane Pump
• ???? ?? ???? sentrifugal Pump
• ????????? Diaphragm Pump

114
????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????

• ??? ??? ??????? Piston Pump
• ?? ??? ???? ??? ? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????
  ????? ??? ????? ?? ???
• ?? ???? ????? ?????(????) ??? ????? ????? ?????
• ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???
• ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????
• ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????

115
??? ??? ??????? Piston Pump

• ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???
• ?? ?? ???? 100 cm3 ??? ????? ?? ???
• ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???

116
??? ????????? Acardeonic Pump

• ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???
• ?? ?? ???? 100 cm3 ??? ????? ?? ???
• ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???
• ?? ???? ????? ?????(????) ??? ????? ????? ?????
• ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???
• ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????
• ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????

117
??? ????????? Acardeonic Pump

• ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????
• ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????
  ???
• ?? ???? ??? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????
  ?? ???

118
??? ??? ?? Vane Pump

• ?? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????
• ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????
  ???
• ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????
• ?? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ?????

119
???? ?? ???? sentrifugal Pump

• ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??
  ???
• ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???
• ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????

120
????????? Diaphragm Pump

• ?? ???? ??? ? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?????
  ...
• ?????? ??? ???
• ?? ?????? ???? ???
• ???? ???? ???
• ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ? ????? ? ?????
• ?? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ? ???? ?? ??????
  ????
• ?? ????? ???? ? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????

121
????????? Diphragm Pump

• ?? ????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ??? ?????
• ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??
  ????

122
????????? Diphragm Pump

• Meets requirements for STEL, Ceiling, and TWA
  sampling Ten hours of continuous sampling on a
  single battery charge
• Maintains constant sampling rate
• EXhaust port for bag sampling
• Adjustable rate control
• Tamper-resistant control cover

123
????????? Diphragm Pump
124
????????? Diphragm Pump
125
Airflow Calibration 
Three types of calibrators for air sampling

• ??? ??? Integrated Volume meters
• ??? ??? Flow rate meters
• ???? ??? Velocity meters

126
?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??
???? Integrated volume meter

• ???? ??????? Mariotti Bottle
• ????????? Spirometer
• ?????? ???? ?????? Frictionless Piston
• ?????? ?? Wet Test Meter
• ?????? ??? Dry Test Meter

127
??? ?? ??? ??? Flow rate meters
A . Variable-head meters - Orifice ???????
- Vintury ??????? B . Variable area meters
( - Rotameter ???????
128
???? ??? Velocity meters

• Mass flow meters
• Pitot tubes,
• Thermo-Anemometers
• Vane - Anemometers

129
????? ???? ?? ??? ???
A - ????????? ?????(1) Primary standards -
??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? - ?? ???
????? ????? B - ????????? ?????(2) Intermediate
standards - ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????
?????? ???? ????. -?? ???????????? ?????
??????? ?? ????. C - ????????? ??????(5) Secondar
y standards - ?? ????????? ????? ?? ?????
??????? ?? ???.
130
???? ??????? Mariotti Bottle

• ????????? ????? ???
• ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????
  ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??? .
• ?? ???? ?? ?? ???????????????? ?? ??????? ??? ?
• ?? ??????? ??? .
• ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? .

131
????????? Spirometer

• ????????? ????? ??? .
• ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???
• ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? .
• ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ? ???
• ????????? ? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? .
• ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ????
• ??????? ???

132
?????? ??? ? ?? Dry Wet Test Meter
????????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??
?????? ???? ?? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????????
??? ??? . ???????????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??????
??????? ?? ????
133
?????? ???? ?????? Frictionless Piston

• ???? ?????? ????
• - ????????? ???
• - ?????? ???? ???
• ???????????? ??? ??????????
• ????????? ??? ??????????
• ???? ???? ??? ??????????

134
?????? ???? ?????? Frictionless Piston
????

• ???????? ???? ? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?
  ?????????
• ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ???
  ???
• ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ??
  ??? ???
• ????? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ? ???? ?? ??
  ??? ????
• ?? ??????? ????? ???????

135
Rotameter ???????

• ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???
• ?? ???? ???????????? ?????? ???
• ?? ???????????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ?? ???
• ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????
• ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????????
• ?? ???????? ml/m ? L/m ?? M3/m???? ????
• ??? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????
• ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???

136
Variable-head meters) Orifice Vinturi)

• ??????? ??????
• ???????
• ??? ??????
• ???? ??????

137
Variable-head meters) Orifice Vinturi)
138
???? ? ??? ???? ?? Pitot tubes
139
???? ? ??? ???? ?? Pitot tubes
?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ? ???
????? ???
140
??????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????

• ????? ? ??? ? ??? ???
• ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????
• ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ????
• ???? ?? ???? ???? ????
• ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??
• ????????? ????? ????
• ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ???
  ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?????
  ??????

141
??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???????
????? ? ??? ? ??? ???

• ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????
• ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????
• ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???????
• ????? ????
• ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???
  ?????? ??????
• ?????? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ???? ??????
• ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ???? ??????? ????
  ????
• ?? ???? ???? ?????? ? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????
  ????

142
??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ? ?????????
????? ? ??? ? ??? ??????????

• ??????? ???? ?????
• ????? ???? ????? ? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????
  ?? ???? ??????
• ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????
• ????? ???
• ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????
• ?????? ????? ??????? ????
• ??? ??? ????? ??? 100 ???? ???? ?? ?

143
?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ???
??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ???
????

• ????? ? ??? ? ??? ???????????
• ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????
• ???? ???? ???
• ????? ????
• ????????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????
• ?????? ??? ???
• ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????

144
?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ???
??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ???
????
????? ? ??? ? ??? ???????????

• ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????
• ???? ???? ???
• ????? ????
• ????????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????
• ?????? ??? ???
• ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????

145
??????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ? ??? ???
????? ? ??? ? ??? ??????????

• ?? ????? ???? ? ????? ???? ?????
• ???? ???? ???
• ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? 1L/m (???
  ????? ) ?? ???? ???
• ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???
• ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??
  ?????
• ????? ??????????? ?? ??? ? ???? ???? ??...

146
??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????

• ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??????
• ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???

• ??? ????? ??? ???
• ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????
• ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????
• ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???

147
??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????

• ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??????
• ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????

• ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????
• ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???
• ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???
  ????? ??? ??? ????? ? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????
  ?? ???
• ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????
  ???
• ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???
  ??? ???

148
??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????

• ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??????
• ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????

• ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????
• ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???
• ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???
  ????? ??? ??? ????? ? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????
  ?? ???
• ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????
  ???
• ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???
  ??? ???

149
????? ??? ? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????
????? ?? ????? ??? ? ??? ?? ??????????? ? ???
?????? ???? ??? ????????????
150
(No Transcript)
151
(No Transcript)
152
(No Transcript)
153
(No Transcript)
154
??????? ??????? ????? ??????
??? ????? Gas Vapor
????????
???? ????? Semi Volatil
?????? Non Volatil
?????? ?? ??? ???? Pssive
????? ??????
?????? ?? ??? ????? Active
???
????? ??????
???? ???
155
??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ??????
??? ? ???? ???
?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???
?? ???
?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???
?? ???
Passive
???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???
??? ? ???? ???
?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???
?? ???
Active
?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ???
?? ???
???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???
156
?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???
???? ?? ???
1- ???? ????? ???

• ???? ??? ??? ???
• ????? ??? ???? ???? ???
• ??????? ?? ??? ????

????? ???
157
?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??
??? ?? ???
2- ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????

• ??? - ????
• ??????

????? ???
158
?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??
??? ?? ???
3 - ??????
????? ???
4 ???? ??? ????? ?????? Air collection bags
?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ? ?? ???? ??? ??????
????
159
???? ??? ????? ?????? Air collection bags

• ????? ?????
• ????? ??????
• ???? ?????
• ??? 1 ???? ?? ??? ??? ????
• ??? PVC, Tedlar, Saran, Mylar, PTFE ? .....
• ????? ???? ? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ??
  ??? ? ??????
• ?? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ? ?? ???? ???
  ?????? ????
• ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???

160
?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ???
?? ???

• ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???

• ???? ???? ???? ???
• ???? ???? ???? ???

??? ???????

• ???? ???? ???? ???
• ???? ???? ???? ???

??? ??????
??? ?? ???? ??????
161
?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ???
?? ???
??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????
?? ???? ??? ????
??? ??????
1- ?? ??????(Abssorption) ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???
?? Impinger
???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????
??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??
???? ? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ? ?? ??? ??? ????
???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??
?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????
162
??? ????? Impinger
163
??? ????? Impinger
????????? ???? ?? ????? ??????

• ??? ????
• ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???????
• ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????
• ???? ????
• ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????

164
????????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????

• ??? ????? ??????
• ??? ??? ?? ??? ????
• ?????? ????
• ???
• ????
• ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????
• ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????

165
??? ????? Impinger
??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????

• ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ???
• ??? ???? ??? ???????
• ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????
• ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??
• ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????

166
??? ????? Impinger
167
(No Transcript)
168
(No Transcript)
169
(No Transcript)
170
?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ???
?? ???
2- ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? Adsorption

• ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ???? ?? ??
  ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???
• ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????
• ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????
  ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???
• ?? ????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ??????? ??
  ????????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????
  ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????
  ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????
  ???? ???? ??? ?? ???

171
??? ???? Adsorption

• ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????
  ????
• ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???
• ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????
• ? ? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??
  ????
• ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???
  ?????? ..
• ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??
  ??? ???? ?? ????
• ?? ???? ??????? ? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ?????
  ?????? ?????? ?? ???.

172
??? ???? Adsorption
???? ???? ???? Common sorbent materials
???? ???? Activated Charcoal ??????? Silica
Gel ??? ??? ?????? Polyuretan foam ?????? Zeolit
e ????? Tenax ??? ? ?? XAD-2
????????? Chromosorbs
173
??? ???? Adsorption
174
??? ???? Adsorption

• ???? ??? ???
• ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???
• ?????? ???? ??? ???
• ???? ???
• ????? ???
• ??????? ???

175
??? ???? Adsorption

• ????? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ????? ????

• ?????? ?? ????
• ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????
• ???
• ????
• ??? ???? ????
• ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????
• ????? ???? ????

176
??? ???? Adsorption
??????? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???

• ??? ????? ??????
• ??? ???? ????
• ???? ???????
• ??? ? ????
• ???? ?????? ??
• ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????

177
??? ???? Adsorption
???? ?? ???? ???? Charcoal

• ?? ????? ??? ? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????
  ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????
• ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? 900-800
  ????????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???
  ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? m2 1000?? ???

178
???? ?? ???? ???? Charcoal
????? ?????? ???? ????

• ?? ?????? 1940-1930 ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????
  ?? ??? ???? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???
• ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??
• ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???
• ???????? ?? ?? ???????? ? ???? ?? ??
• ???? ??? ??? ??(????? ???????)
• ???????? ???
• ????? ???? ?? ???

179
???? ?? ???? ???? Charcoal
???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???
?????? ????

• ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ???????
  ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????
• ????? ?????? ?????? ??????
• ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???
• ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????
  ????? ????
• ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ????

180
???? ?? ???? ???? Charcoal
???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???

• ????? O3
• ?? ????? ??????? NO2
• ?????? ?????? H2S
• ?? ????? ?????? SO2

181
???? ?? ???? ???? Charcoal
???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????
????????? NIOSH
182
???? ?? ???? ???? Charcoal
??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????
???? ?????? DESORPTION
??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????

• ????? ?????? Thermal Desorption
• ????? ??????? Chemical Desorption
• ??????? ?? ???? Solvent Desorption

183
???? ?? ???? ???? Charcoal
184
???? ?? ???? ???? Charcoal
185
??? ???? Adsorption
??????? Selicajel
Na2SiO4 H2SO4 H2SiO4

• ???? ???????? ???????
• 10 ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? U ??? ?? ?? ???
  ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???
• ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????
  ?????? ?? ?????
• ???? ?? ???? 16- 6 ???
• NIOSH ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? 60- 45 ??
  ???????

186
??????? Selicajel
????? ???????

• ?? ????? ??? ??? 90 ??? ????? ????? ????
• ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????
• ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ????
• ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???
• ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???
• ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???
• ?? ????? ????? ???? ???

187
??????? Selicajel
????? ???????

• ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????
• ???? ?? ???
• ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???
  ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???
• ??????? gt ????? ??gt ?????????? gt ?????? gt
  ?????? gt ?????? ??
• gt ?? gt ????????? ??????

188
??? ???? Adsorption
????? ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ????
189
????? ???? ??? (???? ????) ??? ?? ????? ???
???? ?? ???? ???? ????
190
????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??????
????? ??????
????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????
????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????
??????????
191
????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??????
??? ????? ??
192
??? ???? ????? ??? Passive

• ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????
  ??????
• ?? ????? ????????? ???? ? ???? ? ????? ??????
  ?????
• ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????
  ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???
  ????? ???? ???
• ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??
  ????
• ?? ?? ????? ????????? Real Time ? ?? ??????????
  ?????? ?????
• ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????
  ????? ????? ???? ?? ???
• ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???
• ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????

193
?????? ?????? Passive

• ??? ?????
• ??? ???? ???? ???? ???
• ?? ????? ????????? ???? ? ????? ? ???? ??????
  ?????
• ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???
• ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????
• ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????

194
????? ?????? Passive

• ??? ?? ???? ??? ? ?????? ?????? ????
• ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????
• ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???
  ???

195
???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? Passive

• Diffusion ????
• ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???
• ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ? ??
  ???? ???? ?? ???
• Permeation ?????? ?? ?????
• ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???
• ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???

196
(No Transcript)
197
????????? ???? ?? Diffusional Sapling

• Path dimenstion ?????? ????
• Sampling Time ???? ????? ????
• Concentration ???? ??????
• Temprature Presure ??? ? ????
• Interferentes ???? ???? ?????
• Suitablity ????? ??? ??????? ? ????
• Analytical Method ??? ?????
• Storage Stablity ??? ???????
• ............

198
(No Transcript)
199
?????? ??? ???? ?? Permeation

• Membrane Material ??? ????
• Membran Tickness ????? ????
• Affinti of membran ????? ???? ????
• Interferent ???? ???? ?????
• Membran Surface Area ????? ??? ????
• Freshnessof membran ????? ????
• ..........

200
(No Transcript)
201
(No Transcript)
202
Rreal time Sampling

• ?? ?? ??? Active ? ?? ?? ??? Passive ???
• ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???

• Color Exchange Media ???? ????? ??? ?????
• Instrumental ???????

203
???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????

• ??????? ????? ?? ????
• ????? ??? ????
• ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??

???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????

• ???????? ????? ?? ????
• ????? ??? ????
• ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??

204
????? ????? ????? ?? ????

• ??? Gutzit ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???
• ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ? ????
  ????? ???? ????? ?? ???
• ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???
• ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????
• ???? ???? ? HCN ? ?????? ????

205
????? ????? ????? ?? ????

• ???????? ????? ?? ????
• ?????? ???? Co ? HF ? H2CrO4
• ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????
  ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????
  ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???
  ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????

206
????? ????? ???? ?? ???

• ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???
• ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????
• ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????
  ?? ????
• ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ???????? ???
• ???? ???? ?????? ???? NO2 ??? ?? ??????? ??
  ???? ?? ???? 100 ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????
  ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??
  ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???
  ???? ?? ????? ?? ???

207
Rreal time Sampling
????? ?? ????

• Color Exchange Media ???? ????? ??? ?????
• Instrumental ???????

• ??????? ????? ?? ????
• ????? ??? ????
• ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??

• ???????? ????? ?? ????
• ????? ??? ????
• ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??

208
Rreal time Sampling
????? ?? ????

• Color Exchange Media ???? ????? ??? ?????

???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??
?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???
209
?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???
A complete sampling and analysis system to
detect and measure hazardous gases and vapors. on
the spot.
???? ???? ???????
???? ?????
???? ???? ???????
???? ????? ??
210
?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???
???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????
????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????
??????? ?????(???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??
??????? ??) ???????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??
??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????
?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????
??? ????? ?? ??????
211
?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???

• ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??
  ????
• ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???
  ...
• ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????
• ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??
  ???
• ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???
• ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ???? cc100 ????
  ?? ???
• ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????
  ???? ?? ???
• ??? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????
  ???

212
?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???
213
?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???

• ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????

• Direct Reading Scale
• Chart Comparison Tubes
• Color Comparison Tubes
• Multi-Part Tube Sets

214
(No Transcript)
215
?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???

• ???? ???? ?????
• ????? ???? ?????

216
???? ???? ?????

• ???? ??? ?????
• ???? ??? ??????? ?????
• ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????
• ?? ????? ?????????

???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??
?????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????
???? ?????
217
?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????
??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???
? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??
?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????CO
CO K2Pd(SO4)2 CO2 K2SO3 I2O5 5CO
5CO2 I2
???? ?? ?????
??? ???
SeO , H2SO4
??? ???
??? ?????? ?? ???? ??
218
H2S Pb(CH3COO)2 PbS 2CH3COOH SO2
BaCL2 H2O BaSO4 2HCl HCN
HgCl2 Hg(CN)2 2HCl
??? ???
???? ?? ?????
??? ???
??? ???
??? ???
???? ???
219
?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???

• ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???
• ???? ?????? ???
• ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????
• ????? ????? ?????
• ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ? ???????
• ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? CO ?? ???? ?? ???? ??
  ???
• ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???
• ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??
  ????

220
?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????

• ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????
• ???? ??????? TWA ? STEL ? Seiling
• ???? ????? ??????? ? ?????? LEV
• ???? ?????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ???????
  ????
• ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ?
  ????

221
???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????

• ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???
• ????? ???? ??
• ????? ????? ??? ???? ??
• ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????

222
????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??
?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? (Particulate) ???? 1-
????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? (Mist) 2-
???? ???? ????? ??? (Particle) ???? ?? ??? ??? 3-
???? ???????? ??? 4- ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????
223
????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??
224
????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??

• ????? ???? ???? ?? ???
• ? ?? ?? ???? ????
• - ????
• - ?????
• ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????
• ????? ???? ????? ? ??? ?? ???
• ????? ?????? ?????

225
????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??

• ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??
• The size, shape, and density of the airborne
  material
• The amount of contaminated air taken in.
• The geometry of the respiratory tract, which can
  differ for each person.

226
????? ???? ???????? ???? ????

• A - ?????? ????
• ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????
  ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???
• ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???
  ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????
  ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ???? ????
  ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???
• ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???
  ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??
  ??????? ????? ??????? ???

227
?????? ????

• ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????
• 1- ??? ???? ?? ???? ????
• 2- ??? ??? ?? ???? ????
• 3- ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????
• 4- ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????????
• ??? ??????