Paleozoic history of southern Piedmont

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Paleozoic history of southern Piedmont From
Hatcher
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http//geoweb.gg.utk.edu/Geology/Faculty/Hatcher/H
atcher.html
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Sandstone and diabase in rift basins

• Limestone

Metamorphic and igneous rock
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flow through fractures
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Distinct transition
Gneiss, schist bedrock
Gradational transition
Granite or other intrusive bedrock
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High porosity Sy?
Storage and transmission properties
Low storage
porosity
10-5 10-4 cm/s
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Saprolite sampled at different depths. Measure
density and chemical composition. S.G. decreases
from 2.1 in rock to 1.6 in shallow saprolite.
S.G. decreases as minerals are altered and mass
is removed. 0.5 gm/cc removed during
weathering. Chemical concentrations indicate S.G.
change largely due to weathering of feldspar to
kaolinite as a two-stage reaction.
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Laboratory determinations of properties of
crystalline rocks. from Randall and others 1966
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Saprolite thickness Typically 50 ft, but variable
10-100 ft w.t. 20-60 ft bgs Frx zones in
valleys Flat-lying frx
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Saprolite thickness Greatest over valley or
highland? Could be either
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Ground watersheds
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Multi-level completion
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Important Exception to the Conceptual Model
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Well Performance and Lineaments
Specific capacity
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Lineaments
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Effects of lineaments on well yields in the
Piedmont
Factor of 2 to 7 difference in yield
Other effects of location on well yield
Factors from 3 to 25 between valley and hill
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Well yields in different rock types and regions
in the Piedmont
15-30 gpm typical
Roughly 20 gpm
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Effects of well depth and diameter on yield in
the Piedmont. Based on Daniels
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Glaciated crystalline rocks in northern
Appalachians
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Other Hydrogeologic Settings in the Piedmont
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     Stockton Fm.      Lockatong Fm.     
Passaic Fm.      Orange Mt. Basalt     
Feltville Fm.      Preakness Basalt     
Towaco Fm.      Hook Mt. Basalt      Boonton
Fm.      Conglomerates      Palisade sill
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• Mesozoic Basins
• Sandstone aquifers
• Shale confining units

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Carbonate rock aquifers
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Water Chemistry Reminder

• Major Cations Na, K, Ca2, Mg2
• Major Anions HCO3-, Cl-,SO42-
• TDS Total Dissolved Solids
• MCL 500 mg/l
• Values Fresh lt 1000 mg/l brackish 1000-10,000
  saline 10,000-100,000 mg/l
• Seawater 35,000 mg/l
• Hardness Ca and Mg scaled to Ca on a meq basis
• Soft water lt 60 mg/l total hardness
• Use water softener 80-100 mg/l
• Very hard gt150 mg/l

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Milliequivalent

• Charges/volumes

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Water quality in Crystalline Rock aquifers
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meq/L
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Crystalline Rock Triassic Basins Carbonate
Aquifers
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SC, GA, Al 100 Mgpd
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