The Enjoyment of Music 10th Shorter Edition

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The Enjoyment of Music 10thShorter Edition
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PART ONEThe Materials of Music
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Unit I The Elements of Music
Tempo
Conjunct motion
Meter
Melody
Dynamics
Harmony
Homophonic Texture
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Prelude Listening to Music Today

• Typical places and ways of listening to music
• Understanding music requires active listening

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Some Practical Suggestions

• Practice
• Listening Guides and the Resource CD
• Knowledge of musical notation is not necessary
• Hear music in a live performance!
• Glossary (Appendix II)
• Listening activities with the Resource CD

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Attending Concerts

• Recordings vs. live concerts
• Art music vs. popular music

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To find a concert, check listings

• For on-campus concerts (Music Department)
• In local and college newspapers
• On Web sites of concert calendars

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1. Melody Musical Line

• It is the melody which is the charm of music,
  and it is that which is most difficult to
  produce. The invention of a fine melody is a work
  of genius.
• - Haydn

Joseph Haydn
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Defining Melody
Melody a coherent succession of single pitches
Billings Chester
Bach The Well-Tempered Clavier
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Note musical symbol for sound
Half note
Quarter note
Eighth note
Half note
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Characteristics of MelodyRange
America
Narrow
Medium
Greensleeves
Wide
Strauss Don Juan
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Characteristics of Melody Contour
Strauss Don Juan
Arch
Ascending
Mozart Piano Concerto
Descending
Wave
Grieg Peer Gynt Suite
Tchaikovsky The Nutcracker
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Characteristics of Melody
Conjunct Movement A smooth, connected melody
that moves principally by small intervals.
Beethoven String Quartet No. 1
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Characteristics of Melody
Disjunct movement A disjointed or disconnected
melody with many leaps.
Brahms Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III
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The Structure of Melody
Phrase A unit of meaning within a larger
structure, like a musical sentence.
Cadence A resting place in a musical phrase.
Mozart Symphony No. 40, I
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The Structure of Melody
Rhyme Scheme Poetic phrases and musical
phrases generally align.
Billings Chester
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The Structure of Melody
Countermelody An added melody sounding
against another melody.
Prokofiev Violin Concerto
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2. Rhythm Musical Time
Rhythm Length, or duration of individual notes.
Beat Regular pulsation.
Accent Beats that are stronger.
Beethoven Turkish March (duple)
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2. Rhythm Simple Meter
Duple Meter
Measure
Bar line
Triple Meter
Quadruple Meter (Common Time)
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2. Rhythm Meter
Sousa Stars and Stripes Forever
Duple Meter
Mahler Symphony No. 1, III
Purcell Rondeau from Abdelazar
Triple Meter
Vivaldi The Four Seasons, Autumn
Quadruple Meter (Common Time)
Brahms Symphony No. 1, IV
Grieg Peer Gynt Suite
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Musical Time
Metrical Patterns Simple recurring patterns,
typically 2, 3, or 4 beats grouped in a measure.
Downbeats
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Musical Time Compound Meter
6/8
9/8
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Musical Time Compound Meter
6/8
Corelli Violin Sonata, Gigue
9/8
Bach Jesu, Joy of Mans Desiring
12/8
Fauré Pelleas et Melisande, Sicilienne
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Musical Time
Syncopation Deliberate disruption of
pattern accent shifted to a weak beat or
offbeat.
Borodin Prince Igor, Polovetsian Dances
Stravinsky The Rite of Spring, Dance of the
Youths
Tchaikovsky Piano Concerto No. 1
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Musical Time
Polyrhythm Simultaneous use of different
rhythmic patterns.
Stravinsky The Rite of Spring, Sacrificial
Dance
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Musical Time
Additive Meter Irregular grouping of beats in a
larger pattern.
Shankar Bhimpalasi
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Musical Time
Nonmetric Music without a strong sense of beat
or meter.
Gregorian chant Alleluia, emitte spiritum
Gregorian chant Venite, exsultemus domino
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3. Harmony Musical Space

• Vertical aspect of music

Chord
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3. Harmony Musical Space

• Scale A collection of pitches arranged in
  ascending or descending order.

Octave (descending)
Do ti la sol fa mi re do
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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The Function of Harmony
Triad three-note chord, do-mi-sol or 1-3-5
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The Organization of Harmony

• Tonic or keynote
• First note of scale (do) is home base
• Tonality
• Major tonality
• Minor tonality
• Diatonic harmony
• Chromatic harmony

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The Organization of HarmonyTonality
Major Tonality
Haydn Symphony No. 94, III
Minor Tonality
Chopin Mazurka
Quiz
Chopin Prelude
Mendelssohn Symphony No. 4, I
Vivaldi Concerto for Piccolo
Haydn Symphony No. 45, I
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The Organization of Harmony
Diatonic Harmony
Bach The Well-Tempered Clavier, I
Chromatic Harmony
Bach Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue
Quiz
Joy to the World
Wagner Tristan und Isolde
Haydn Trumpet Concerto, III
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Consonance and Dissonance
Dissonance
Dissonance
Dissonance
Dissonance
Stravinsky The Rite of Spring, Dance of the
Youths
Consonance
Consonance
Consonance
Mendelssohn Midsummer Nights Dream, Nocturne
dronedronedronedronedrone
Drone
Shankar Bhimpalasi
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4. Musical Texture Types of Texture
Monophony Single-line texture, or melody
without accompaniment.
Gregorian chant Psalm 94, Venite, exsultemus
domino
Gregorian chant Whitsunday Mass, Alleluia,
emitte
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4. Musical TextureTypes of Texture
Heterophony Texture in which two or more voices
(or parts) elaborate the same melody
simultaneously, often the result of
improvisation.
African traditional, Gabon Porters Song
African traditional Herding Song
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4. Musical Texture Types of Texture
Polyphony Two or more melodic lines combined
into a multivoiced texture.

• Nonimitative Polyphony (simultaneous melodies)

Rimsky-Korsakov Capriccio espagnol, Fandano
asturiano
Bach Jesu, Joy of Mans Desiring

• Imitative Polyphony

Marenzio La bella ninfa mia
Handel Concerto Grosso in G
Bach Concerto for Violin and Oboe, II
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4. Musical Texture Types of Texture
Homophony Texture with principal melody and
accompanying harmony.
Dvorák Symphony No. 9, II
Grieg Peer Gynt Suite
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4. Musical Texture Types of Texture
QUIZ Monophony - Homophony Polyphony
American traditional America
Mahler Symphony No. 1, III
Mozart Piano Concerto No. 21
Bach Brandenburg Concerto No. 4, III
Billings Chester
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Contrapuntal Devices

• Imitation
• Canon
• Round
• Ex. Row, Row, Row Your Boat

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5. Musical FormStructure and Design in Music
Repetition
Repetition
Repetition
Purcell Rondeau from Abdelazar
Chopin Prelude in E
Contrast
Contrast
Mozart Piano Concerto, II
Beethoven String Quartet in F
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5. Musical FormStructure and Design in Music
Variation
Variation
Variation
British traditional Greensleeves
Improvisation
Improvisation
Improvisation
Handel Keyboard Suite No. 5
Shankar Bhimpalasi
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Two-Part and Three-Part Form
Binary Form
Binary Form
Brahms Symphony No. 1, IV
British traditional Greensleeves
Ternary Form
Ternary Form
Ternary Form
Dvorák Symphony No. 9, II
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The Building Blocks of Form
Theme A melodic idea used as a building block
in music.
Thematic development
Purcell Rondeau from Abdelazar
Thematic transformation (Berlioz Symphony
fantastique)
Mvt. I
Mvt. III
Mvt. V
Mvt. II
Mvt. IV
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The Building Blocks of Form Theme
Sequence
Handel Concerto Grosso, II
Purcell Rondeau from Abdelazar
Motive
Mozart Symphony No. 40, I
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The Building Blocks of Form
Call and response, or responsorial
African traditional Porters Song
Gregorian chant Whitsunday Mass
Ostinato
Couperin Les barricades misterieuses
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6. Musical Expression Tempo and Dynamics, The
Pace of Music
Allegro
Mozart Abduction from the Seraglio, Overture
Moderato
Handel Sampson, Let the Bright Seraphim
Adagio
Bach, C.P.E., Trio Sonata, I
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6. Musical Expression Tempo and Dynamics, The
Pace of Music
Accelerando
Glière Russian Sailors Dance
Ritardando
Smetana The Moldau
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Loudness and Softness Dynamics
Forte
Strauss Don Juan
Mezzo forte
Prokofiev Classical Symphony, III
Mezzo piano
Fauré Pelleas et Melisande, Sicileinne
Piano
Mahler Symphony No. 1, III
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Moving from One Dynamic to Another
Crescendo
Liszt Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2
Crescendo
Decrescendo
Smetana The Moldau
Decrescendo
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Musical Expression Shaping the Expressive
Content of Music

• Metronome
• Interpretation

Chopin Fantasie Impromptu (rubato)
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Unit II Musical Instruments and Ensembles
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7. Voices and Musical Instruments I

• Musical timbre

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The Voice as a Model for Instrumental Sound
Soprano
Schumann Die Soldatenbraut
Mezzo Soprano
Bizet Carmen, Habanera
Alto
Handel Messiah, O thou that tellest
Tenor
Verdi Rigoletto, La donna è mobile
Baritone
Rossini The Barber of Seville
Bass
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The World of Musical Instruments Sachs-Hornboste
l System

• Aerophones
• Chordophones
• Idiophones
• Membranophones

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8. Musical Instruments II

• Western Families
• String Instruments (chordophones)
• Bowed and plucked
• Bowed (rosin)
• Violin video
• Viola video
• Violoncello (Cello) video
• Double bass video
• Heart of the Orchestra

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Special Effects of the Bowed String Family
Legato Staccato Pizzicato Vibrato Glissando Tremolo Trill Double-stopping Triple- or quadruple- stopping Harmonics
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Plucked String Instruments

• Harp video
• Pedals
• Arpeggio
• Guitar video
• Fretted fingerboard

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Woodwind Instruments (Aerophones)

• Played by blowing air into a mouth hole, or
  mouthpiece fitted with single or double reeds
• Holes in the body of the instrument

Flute video Piccolo video Oboe video English horn video Clarinet video Bass clarinet video Bassoon video Contrabassoon video Saxophone Tenor video
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Brass Instruments (Aerophones)

• All have metal mouthpiece attached to metal
  tubing that flares at the end into a bell
• Mute
• Valves, keys, slides in tubing
• Lips buzz and act as double reed
• Embouchure

Trumpet video French horn video Trombone video Tuba video Cornet,bugle video fluegelhorn, video euphonium, video sousaphone
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Percussion Instruments (Idiophones and
Membranophones)
Timpani or kettledrums video Xylophone video Marimba video Vibraphone video Glockenspiel video Celesta Chimes or tubular bells
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Percussion Indefinite pitch

• Snare drum or side drum video
• Tenor drum
• Bass drum video
• Tom-tom, tambourine video, castanets video,
  triangle video, cymbals video, gong

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Other Instruments

• Piano (pianoforte) video
• Electric piano
• Organ video
• Harpsichord video

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9. Musical Ensembles

• Choral Groups
• A cappella singing
• Chorus large group
• Choir smaller group

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9. Musical Ensembles

• Instrumental Chamber Ensembles
• String quartet
• Duo sonata
• Trio, quartet, quintet, etc.

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The Orchestra

• Western Symphony Orchestra
• Strings
• Woodwinds
• Brass
• Percussion

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Bands

• Wind, Marching, Rock, Jazz

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The Role of the Conductor

• Leader of large ensembles
• Time and tempo
• Baton
• Interpret
• The concertmaster

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The Orchestra in Action

• Benjamin Britten The Young Persons Guide to the
  Orchestra (Listening Guide)
• Subtitled Variations and Fugue on a
• Theme of Purcell
• Theme and 13 short variations
• Fugue based on a fragment of the Purcell theme

Listening Guide PDF
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10. Style and Function of Music in Society

• Sacred music
• Secular music

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Musical Styles in History
Style Genre Medium Historical periods Medieval Era Renaissance Era Baroque Era Classical Era Romantic Era Twentieth Century
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