Understanding Students with Communication Disorders

1
Understanding Students with Communication
Disorders

• Chapter 6

2
What is communication?

• Receiving information
• Understanding information
• Expressing information
• Expressing feelings
• Expressing ideas

3
Speech Language Disorders

• Speech disorder
• Language disorder
• Receptive language disorder
• Expressive language disorder

4
Cultural Diversity in Communication

• Cooperative group activities and role-playing
• Highlight the value of cultural diversity
  contributions of events, celebrations, and people
• Guest speakers from differing cultures
• Parental involvement

5
Incidence

• 18.8 ages 6-21 get speech/language service
• 55 children ages 3-5 served under IDEA for
  speech/language
• Most children spend majority of their day in
  general education

6
Typical Speech Development

• Person pushes air from lungs
• Muscles in larynx move vocal folds producing
  sound
• Larynx sits on top of the trachea and contains
  the vocal folds where voice is produced
• Person forms sounds by varying the position of
  lips, tongue, and lower jaw

7
Language

• Phonology
• Morphology
• Syntax
• Semantics
• Pragmatics

8
How it all fits
9
Phonology

• Use of sounds to make meaningful syllables and
  words
• Encompasses the rules and sequencing of
  individual speech sounds (phonemes)
• Study and use of individual sound units in a
  language and the rules by which they are combined
  and recombined to create larger language units.
• Phonemes are the unit of sound such as /s/ or /b/
  , they do not convey meaning.
• Phonemes alter meaning of words when combined
  (e.g., sat to bat).

10
Phonological Deficits

• Frequently appear as articulation disorders.
• Child omits a consonant oo for you
• Child substitutes one consonant wabbit for
  rabbit
• Discrimination child hears go get the nail
  instead of mail

11
What is a Phoneme?

• Different linguistic units large to small
• The smallest unit of sound in our language that
  makes a difference to its meaning.
• Dog /d/ /o/ /g/
• Sun /s/ /u/ /n/
• Man /m/ /a/ /n/

12
What is Morphology?

• The system that governs the structure of words
• The smallest meaningful unit of speech is called
  a morpheme
• Adds plurals, inflection, affixes, and past tense
  markers to verbs
• For example changes swim to swam

13
Syntax

• Study of the rules by which words are organized
  into phrases or sentences in a particular
  language.
• Referred to as the grammar of the language and
  allows for more complex expression of thoughts
  and ideas by making references to past and future
  events.

14
Syntactic Deficits

• Lack the length or syntactic complexity (e.g.,
  Where Daddy go?).
• Problems comprehending sentences that express
  relationship between direct or indirect objects.
• Difficulty with wh questions.

15
Semantics

• The larger meaning component of language.
• More than single words, includes complex use of
  vocabulary, including structures such as word
  categories, word relationships, synonyms,
  antonyms, figurative language, ambiguities, and
  absurdities.

16
Semantic Deficits

• Limited vocabulary especially in adjectives,
  adverbs, prepositions, or pronouns.
• Longer response time in selecting vocabulary
  words.
• Fail to perceive subtle changes in word meaning
  incomplete understanding and misinterpretations.
• Figurative language problems.

17
Pragmatics

• Knowledge and ability to use language
  functionally in social or interactive situations.
• Integrates all the other language skills, but
  also requires knowledge and use of rule governing
  the use of language in social context.

18
Pragmatic Deficits

• Problems understanding indirect requests (e.g.,
  may say yes when asked Must you play the
  piano?).
• May enter conversations in a socially
  unacceptable fashion or fail to take turns
  talking.
• Difficulty staying on topic.

19
Social Interaction Theories

• Communication skills are learned through social
  interactions
• Language development is the outcome of a childs
  drive for attachment with his or her world
• Vygotsky children learn by doing with more
  experienced partners (guided learning)

20
Language Development

• Within first month - respond to human voices
• 3 months - turn, smile, and coo
• 12 months - make sounds when spoken to, vary
  pitch and intensity, and experiment with rhythm,
  may say first words
• 12-24 months - vocabularies increase to 200-300
  words

21
Language Development Cont.

• 3 year olds - understand simple questions and
  prepositions (in, on, under) and follow 2-step
  directions, have vocabulary of 900-1,000 words
• Preschoolers - ask W (5) and H questions and have
  vocabularies of 1,500-1,600 words
• Age 6 - use irregular verbs be, go, run and
  swim and have vocabularies of 2,600 words

22
Speech Disorders

• Articulation disorder
• Substitutions
• Omissions
• Additions
• Distortions
• Apraxia of speech

23
Voice Disorders

• Pitch
• Duration
• Intensity
• Resonance
• Hyponasality
• Hypernasality

24
Fluency Disorders

• Interruptions in the flow of speaking
• Hesitate
• Repeat themselves
• Use fillers such as umm
• Stuttering

25
Organic Causes

• Nervous system
• Muscular system
• Chromosomes
• Formation of speech mechanism
• Hereditary malformation
• Prenatal injuries
• Toxic disturbances
• Tumors
• Traumas
• Seizures, Infections diseases
• Muscular diseases
• Vascular impairments

26
Functional Disorders

• Present when the cause of the impairment is
  unknown - no physical cause

27
Collaboration with Teachers

• Supportive teaching
• Complementary teaching
• Consultation
• Team teaching

28
Augmentative and Alternative Communication

• Integrated groups of components that supplement
  the communication abilities of individuals who
  cannot communicate effectively through gestures,
  speaking, and/or writing

29
AAC Devices

• A symbol set
• Gestures
• Photographs
• Manual sign sets/systems
• Pictographs (symbols that look like what they
  represent)
• Ideographs (more abstract symbols)
• Printed words
• Objects
• Partial objects
• Miniature objects
• Spoken words
• Braille
• A means for selecting the symbols

30
Activity

• Get into your group
• Read over Box 6-3
• Answer questions 1-4