Clauses

1
Clauses
2
What is the difference between a phrase and a
clause?

• A phrase is a group of words, while a clause is a
  word group that contains a verb and its subject.
  A clause can be used as a sentence or as part of
  a sentence.

3
Some Facts About Clauses

• EVERY clause has a subject and a predicate.

SOME clauses will express complete thoughts
(these are called independent, or main, clauses).
SOME clauses will NOT express complete thoughts
(these are called subordinate, or dependent,
clauses).
When a sentence includes an independent clause
and a subordinate clause, it is a __________
sentence.
complex
4
Subordinate clauses can function as nouns,
adverbs, or adjectives in a sentence.

• Underline the subordinating clause in each
  sentence.
• Once the room is finished, we will buy new
  furniture for it.
• Did you see the woman, whose entire family was
  killed, on the Biggest Loser?
• The book that I read yesterday was about World
  War II.
• Dont forget to wipe your shoes before you step
  on the carpet.

_____________________
_________________________
_________________
_________________________
(Note The clauses may be at the beginning, in
the middle, or at the end of the sentence.)
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Adjective Clauses

• The adjective clause modifies a noun or a pronoun.

Note the difference between the following
ADJECTIVE the blonde woman
ADJECTIVE PHRASE the woman with blonde hair
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE the woman who has blonde
hair
An adjective clause is usually introduced by a
_________ _________.
relative
pronoun
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Common Relative Pronouns that which
who whom whose

• Underline the adjective clause in each sentence.
• The prizes went to students who had scored the
  most points.
• This is the system that works best for me.
• The boy whose dog won received a ribbon.

__________________________________
____________________________
___________________
7
Occasionally adjective clauses can be introduced
by when or where.

• Examples That is the box where I put all of my
  books. (it modifies box, a noun, so it is still
  an adjective clause).

Do you remember the time when I lost my book?
(modifies time)
BE CAREFULMANY TIMES WE LEAVE OFF THE RELATIVE
PRONOUN WHEN WE SPEAK
Examples (Can you tell what was left out?) I
havent seen the souvenirs she bought in Mexico.
that
A boy I know is the drummer for the band we saw
in concert.
who
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Adverb clauses usually answer where, when, how,
or why to the verb, or to what extent or under
what condition.
_______________

• Note the difference between the following
• ADVERB He fell down.
• ADVERB PHRASE He fell down the hill.
• ADVERB CLAUSE When he fell down, he
  hurt his knee.

An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that
modifies a verb, adjective, or an adverb.
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Tell which word each clause modifies and how it
modifies it.

• You may sit wherever you wish. (tells
  )

where you sit
When winter sets in, many animals hibernate.
(tells
)
when animals hibernate
Meg looks as though she has seen a ghost. (tells
)
how Meg looks
Josh is happy because he has a new job. (tells
)
why Josh is happy
Ty can run faster than Matt can. (tells
)
how much faster
to what extent
If Cailyn is not sick, we will go to the fair.
(tells
)
under what conditions we will go
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Note When a sentence begins with an adverb
clause, it is followed by a comma, but if the
clause is at the end of the sentence, you do not
need a comma to separate it from the independent
clause. When the clause is in the middle of the
sentence, you may or may not need to set it off
with commas (one before, and one after).

• Common Subordinating Conjunctions
• after as though since when
• although because so that
  whenever
• as before than where
• as if how though
  wherever
• as long as if unless
  whether
• as soon as in order that until
  while

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A noun clause is a subordinate clause that is
used as a noun.

• Common Introductory Words for Noun Clauses
• how whatever which whom
• that when who whomever
• what whether whoever why

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List the 5 different ways a noun clause can be
used.
That she was only sixteen was a secret at the
party. ________
_subject
We suddenly remembered who she was.
_______________
direct object
The judges gave whoever participated a ribbon.
____________
indirect object
I was amazed by how tall the building was.
_______________
object of prep.
A stuffed animal was what Mary was trying to win.
____________________
predicate nominative
13
Underline the subordinate clause and label it
as an adjective, adverb, or noun clause.

• Since none of us owned bikes, we decided to rent
  some. __________

adverb clause
_______________________________
adjective clause
The man who rented us the bikes was helpful.
____________________
_________________________
adverb clause
We were in trouble when Garretts bike got a flat
tire. _______________
___________________________________
How we would repair it became the topic of a
heated discussion. ____________________
________________________
noun clause
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We decided to take the bike to whatever bike
shop was nearest us. __________________
____________________________________
noun clause
The thing that worried us was getting our money
back for fixing it. __________________
________________
adjective clause
When we returned our bikes, we showed the man
the receipt. ___________________
______________________________
adverb clause
He refunded us the money we had spent to fix the
tire. ____________________
_____________________________
adjective clause (the word that was left off)