The Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle

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The Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle

• Made by
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The Theory of Conversational Implicature

• Speaking means that we express the meaning
  through language, and this meaning usually divide
  into two parts, that is
• The literal meaning
• The implied meaning
• According to the content, it includes two groups
• The direct speaking content
• The indirect speaking content

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• The direct speaking content--------The literal
  meaning
• The indirect speaking content-------The implied
  meaning
• the convention the non-convention

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What did you say?

• There are two understandings about this sentence.
• First, we really didnt hear it clearly.
• Second, we know its literal meaning,but do not
  understand its purpose.
• Therefore, there is always some distance between
  the utterance and the true purpose. And this true
  purpose refers to the coverastional implicature.

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• AnnieWas the dessert any good?MarkAnnie,cherry
  pie is cherry pie.
• By sayingcherry pie is cherry pieinstead of
  making a direct yesor no, clearly Mike
  insends to communicate more than what is said and
  assumes Annie understands it. This additionally
  conveyed meaning is called a conversational
  implicature,often referred to as an implicature.

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A Are you going to Johns birthday
party?B Ive heard Marry is going.

• Unlike presupposition and entailment, implicature
  are inferences that can not on the context of the
  utterence and shared knowledge between the
  speaker and the listener.

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The cooperative principle

• Make your conversational contribution such as is
  required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the
  accepted purpose or direction of the talk
  exchange in which you are engaged.
• -----Grice

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The Maxim of CP

• The Maxim of Quantity
• The Maxim of Quality
• The Maxim of Relation
• The Maxim of Manner

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The Maxim of Quantity

• Make your contribution as informative as is
  required(for the current purpose of the
  exchange).
• Do not make your contribution more informative
  than is required.

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The maxim of quality

• Try to make your contribution one that is true
• Do not say what you believe to be false.
• Do not say that for which you lack adquate
  evidence.

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The Maixm of Realition

• Be relevant

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The Maixm of Manner

• Be perspicuous
• Avoid obscurity of expression.
• Aviod ambiguity.
• Be brief (aviod prolixility).
• Be orderly.

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Cooperative principle
content
form
manner
relation
quality
quantity
What to say
How to say it.
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• The cooperative principle is not prescriptive but
  descriptive.
• In daily life, speakers often violate the maxims
  of CP to express some implied meanings.

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The emerging of conversational implicatures

• According to Grices view, conversational
  implicatures can emerge observing or dis-
  observing the cooperative principle and its
  maxims.
• Generalized conversational implicature---------obs
  erving
• Particularized conversational implicature-------di
  s-obsreving

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• MikeDid you get the milk and the eggs?
• JaneI got the milk.
• A Are you going to Johns birthday party?
• B Ive heard Marry is going.

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• Generalized conversational implicatures can be
  drawn with little inside knowledge.
• Particularized implicature requires not only
  general knowledge but also kowledge which is
  particular or local to the speaker and the
  listener. And often to the physical context of
  the utterance as well.

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Violation of the maxims

• In Grice view, conversational implicatures can
  only be worked out on the basis of the CP, so he
  first distinguishs some exceptions which can not
  cause coversational implicatures from other parts
  of violation.

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• The speaker does not communicate with the hearer
  at all. For example I dont know. I dont want
  to talk anything about it.
• To tell lies.
• To violate one maxim in order to obey another
  maxim.

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• A Where does X live?
• B Somewhere in the suburbs of the city.

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the real generalized coversational implicatures
emerging

• The speaker violates one maxim on purpose, and at
  the same time he/she wants the listener to know
  that he/she violates that maxim.
• Grice considers it as the flouting of CP

Two choices
End the communication
Continue based on the CP
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The general pattern of calculating conversational
implicatures

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• ?????????????q.
• ??,???q.

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The violation of the maxim of quantity

• Dear sir,
• Mr. Xs command of English is excellent
  and his attendance at tutorials has been regular.
• 
  Yours,
• 
  John
  
  

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Boys are boys.War is war.

• AWhere does D live?
• BSome where in the South of France.

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• Ivy Where is ice-cream?
• VivienHe went to the library .He had
  said that before he left.
• A???????
• B?????,??29,?????

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Violation of the Maixm of Quality

• He is a tiger.
• Tom has wooden ears.
• He is a machine.

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Violation of the Maixm of Relation

• A What is the time is it now?
• BThe mail has already come.
• ACan you answer the telephone?
• BI am in the bath.

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Violation of the Maixm of Manner

• A Let us get the children something.
• BOk, but I vote i-c-e c-r-e-a-m-s.
• Never seek to tell thy love,
• love that never told can be.
• -----William
  Blake

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• ?????????,??????????,???????????,?????????????????
  ???????????????
• ??????????????????????
• A???????
• B???,??????????
• A??,?????,??????
• B??,???????????
• A?,?????

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• Miss X produced a series of sounds that
  corresponded closely with the score of
  Home,Sweet Home.

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• The had a baby and got married.
• ???????(?)??
• ????

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Characteristics of implicature

• Calculability----????
• Cancellability----????
• Non-detachability----?????
• Non-conventionality-----????

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Calculability----????

• The fact that speakers try to convey
  conversational implicatures and hearers are able
  to understand them suggests that implicatures are
  calculable.
• They can be worked out on the basis of some
  previous information. Grice lists the nessary
  data as follows

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• The conventional meaning of the words
  used,together that may be involved.
• The CP and its maxims
• The context,linguistic or otherwise,of the
  utterance.
• Other items of background knowledge
• The fact or supposed fact that all participants
  and both participants know or assume this to be
  the case.

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Cancellability----????

• Cancellability is also known as
  defeasibility(????).
• The conversational implicatures rely on some
  factors, such as the conventional meaning of wors
  used, the CP, the linguistic and situational
  contexts,etc. so if any of them changes, the
  implicature will also change.

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• A. John has three cows.
• B.John has only three cows.
• C. John has three cows, if not more.
• D. John has at least three cows.

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• A You are the cream in my coffee.
• (But I am afraid I do not quite like cream in
  my coffee.)

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Non-detachability----?????

• Non-detachability means that a conversational
  implicature is attached to the semantic content
  of what is said, not to the linguistic form.

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He is a bad friend.

• He is a good friend.
• He is a friend in need.
• He is a nice guy.
• He is always ready to help.
• He never leaves you in the lurch.

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• A The hostess is an awful bore,dont you think
  so?
• BThe roses are lovely, arent they?
• B1 It is a sunny day.

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Non-conventionality-----????

• Implicature is indeterminate, which varies with
  the context.

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• Conversational implicature as a type of implied
  meaning, which is deduced on the basis of the
  conventional meaning of words together with the
  context, under the guidance of the CP and its
  maxims.

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The drawbacks of Grices CP

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• Grice ?????????????????,???????????,????????????
• ?????????????????????????,????????????????????????
  ???????,??????????????,???????????????????????????
  ??????????,?????????????????,????????????,?????

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The politeness principle

• Politeness is usually regarded by most pragmatics
  as a meant or strategy which is usually by the
  speaker to achieves,such as saving
  face,establishing and mantaining hamonious social
  relations in conversation.
• Leech looks on politeness as the crucial in
  accounting for why people are so often indirect
  in conveying what they mean.He thus puts forward
  PP so as to rescue the CP in the sense that PP
  can satisfactorily explain exception to and
  apparent deviations from the CP.

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• A Well miss Bill and Agatha, wont we?
• B Well, well all miss Bill.
• Parents Someones eaten the icing off the cake.
• Child It wasnt me.

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The classification of Leechs theory

• Competitive(???)
• Convivial(???)
• Collaborative(???)
• Conflictive(???)

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Some polite-relating factors

• Self----Other
• Benefit(?) ---Cost(?)

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listener

• A)Clean the house for me.
• B) Buy me a stamp.
• C) Sit down.
• D) Have another cup of tea.
• E) Come and join us in the picnic.

order
cost
mid
cost
offer
speaker
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• A) Lend me some money.
• B) I want you to lend me some money.
• C) Will you lend me some money?
• D) Can you lend me some money?
• E) Could you lend me some money?
• F) Would it be possiable for you to do me a
  favour by lending me some money?

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The six maxims of the PP

• Maxim of tact(in directives and commissives)
• Minimize cost to other.
• Maximize benefit to other.
• Maxim of generosity(in directives and
  commissives)
• Minimize benefit to self.
• Maximize cost to self.
• Maxim of approbation(inexpresssive and
  assertives)
• Minimize dispraise of other.
• Maximize praise of other.
• Maxim of modesty(inexpresssive and assertives)
• Minimize praise of self.
• Maximize dispraise of self.

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• Maxim of agreement(in assertives)
• Minimize disagreement between self and other.
• Maximize agreement between self and other.
• Maxim of sympothy(in assertives)
• Minimize antipathy between self and other
• Maximize sympothy between self and other.

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Maxim of tact

• Would it be possiable for you to lend me your
  car?
• Could you lend me your car?
• Will you lend me your car?
• Lend your car.
• You must lend me your car!

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Maxim of generosity

• You must have another sandwich.
• Do you have another sandwich?
• Please have another sandwich.
• Would you like to have another sandwich?
• Would it be possiable for you to have another
  sandwich?
• Would you mind having another sandwich?

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Maxim of approbation

• You are the best cook in the world.
• What a marvellous cook you are!
• You are really a good cook.
• You certainly know something about cooking.

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Maxim of modesty

• AWhat a bright boy you are! You always get full
  marks.
• BThank you. I have very good teachers.
• B2Thank you. The exam questions are not that
  hard.
• B3Thank you,but I am not the only one in the
  class that gets full marks.
• B4Yes, I am, aint I?

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Maxim of agreement

• A That dress she is wearing is beautiful, dont
  you think so?
• B1Yes,absolutely.
• B2Yes,I couldt agreee with you more.
• B3Well, I like the color.
• B4I dont think it is beautiful at all.

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Maxim of sympothy

• AI lost my kitten last week and I still can not
  get over it.
• B1It is the most unfortunate that you lost your
  pet.
• B2I know what it is like. You have all my
  sypathy.
• B3I am sorry to hear that.
• B4So,we dont annoyed by that nasty little
  animal any more.

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The disadvantages of PP

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• Leech ????????????,??,???????????????,????????????
  ????????????????

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Thanks!