Giacometti s Hollow

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The of Scientific Determinism
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Umberto Boccioni Dynamism of a Soccer Player
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Piet Mondrian Broadway Boogie Woogie
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The Medieval Outlook

• The world and our lives are Teleological They
  have a purpose, an aim)
• The world is Absolutist in religious and
  political thought
• The earths design and purpose centers on Gods
  plan for our Earthly existence
• This earth is the center and centerpiece of Gods
  creations
• The old World View is dynamistic, not mechanical

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The Rise of the Modern WorldChallenges to
the Old World View

• The Copernican Model of the Universe
• The Earth was no longer the center of Gods
  universe it had become periphery
• The new timetables for the Earths age suggested
  that human existence on the earth was only a
  minor appearance during the last brief moment of
  geologic time humans were not the central actors

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The Rise of the Modern WorldChallenges to the
Old World View

• The Slow Shift from Religious tradition and
  authority to the Scientific Method
• The Rise of inductive methods of scholarship
• The Mechanistic view of Nature
• The Expansion of Secular Learning

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The Rise of the Modern WorldChallenges to the
Old World View

• The Rise of Humanism and democratic reform
• Greek and Roman Models of Government were
  imitated over Judeo-Christian, authoritative
  systems

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The Modern WorldThe Rise in the 19th Century of
Naturalism or Determinism

• Naturalism means Humans are creatures who have
  no free will they are as controlled and
  determined by natural forces (genetic and
  environmental) as are the stones on the hill or
  the water in a stream.
• This mechanistic view also suggests moral
  relativism or the irrelevance of moral
  constraints

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The Modern WorldThe Rise of Naturalism

• Science and Philosophy have slowly built
  arguments and evidences for UNIVERSAL CAUSATION,
  the idea that humans have no free will.
• Synonyms --- Universal causation determinism
  naturalism materialism no free will no free
  agency

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The Modern WorldThe Rise of Naturalism

• Descartes theorized that much of the universe was
  purely mechanical and materialistic, including
  all of a human being except the mind.

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The Modern WorldThe Rise of Naturalism

• Newton first worked out in detail the formulas
  for physical determinism in the laws of motion
  in the natural universe with his study of inertia
  and gravity.

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The Modern WorldThe Rise of Naturalism

• Hegel developed a theory of historical
  determinism in which we all play scripted parts
  in the progress of the world.

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The Modern WorldThe Rise of Naturalism

• Charles Darwin developed a theory of biological
  determinism, saying that the very development of
  all species was determined by natural forces
  playing upon the biological traits of species.

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The Modern WorldThe Rise of Naturalism

• Karl Marx developed the idea of economic
  determinism, arguing that the social class and
  economic conditions in which humans found
  themselves are largely responsible for what they
  are.

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The Modern WorldThe Rise of Naturalism

• Freud argued for psychological determinism,
  saying that prenatal and early childhood
  experiences determine much of our life.
• The physical brain, with its ego, id and
  super-ego, replace the concept of soul.

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The Modern WorldThe Rise of Naturalism

• B. F. Skinner, a Harvard psychologist, has
  developed a similar theory of psychological
  determinism, arguing that we humans can be shaped
  by stimulus-response conditioning in the same way
  Pavlovs dogs could be.
• Much of modern psychology is based on such
  theories.

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The Modern WorldThe Rise of Naturalism

• Emile Zola and other naturalistic writers have
  produced literature in which humans seem to have
  no ability to alter the course of their lives.
  Genetics plus environment make the human, not
  reason and will.
• Zolas novel, The Experimental Novel, in 1880,
  was the first naturalistic work

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Naturalism in Literature

• One viewed the existence of man then as a
  marvel, and conceded a glamour of wonder to these
  lice which were caused to cling to a whirling,
  fire-smitten, ice-locked, disease-stricken,
  space-lost bulb. (Stephen Crane, The Blue Hotel)

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The Modern WorldThe Rise of Naturalism

• It is a familiar idea to all of us that we are
  conditioned and governed by past events in our
  lives. It is part of our psycho-therapy, our
  legal system, and our everyday conversation.

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The Modern WorldThe Rise of Naturalism

• With the rise of science, words like soul or
  mind, as things separate from the physical
  brain, have no place. The Mind is essentially a
  damp computer. This led Nietzsche to conclude
• God is dead.
• And Tennyson laments the decline of genuine
  spirituality in the formal churches
• But the churchmen fain would kill their church,
• As the churches have killed their Christ.

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The Modern World The Loss of Faith

• A conception of God which is incomprehensible
  to all who are not highly trained logicians, is a
  possible God for logicians alone . . . . This
  God . . . does not satisfy the passions of the
  believer. This God does not govern the world like
  a king nor watch over his children like a father
  . . . .He is no God at all his universe
  remains stonily unaware of man. (Walter
  Lippmann. A Preface to Morals)

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The Modern World The Loss of Faith

• In a Universe of blind forces and physical
  replication, some people are going to get hurt,
  others are going to get lucky, and you wont find
  any rhyme or reason in it, nor any justice. The
  universe we observe has precisely the properties
  we should expect if there is, at bottom, no
  design, no purpose, no evil and no good, nothing
  but blind, pitiless indifference. As that unhappy
  poet, A.E. Housman put it, For Nature,
  heartless, witless nature / Will neither care no
  know. DNA neither cares nor knows. DNA just is.
  And we dance to its tune. (Richard Dawkins.
  River out of Eden, p. 155)

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The Loss of Faith

• Alas, shut-out from Hope, in a deeper sense than
  we yet dream of! For, as he wanders wearisomely
  through this world, he has now lost all tidings
  of another and higher. . . . Doubt had darkened
  into Unbelief,. . . Is there no God, then but
  at best an absentee God, sitting idle, at the
  outside of his Universe, and seeing it go? . . .
  It is all a grim Desert, this once-fair world of
  his wherein is heard only the howling of
  wild-beasts, or the shrieks of despairing,
  hate-filled men and no Pillar of Cloud by day,
  and no Pillar of Fire by night, any longer guides
  the Pilgrim. (Thomas Carlyle, Sartor Resartus,
  1833-34)

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Dover Beach by Mathew Arnold
The sea is calm tonight, The tide is full, the
moon lies fair Upon the straits--on the French
coast the light Gleams and is gone the cliffs of
England stand, Glimmering and vast, out in the
tranquil bay. Come to the window, sweet is the
night-air! Only, from the long line of
spray Where the sea meets the moon-blanched
land, Listen! you hear the grating roar Of
pebbles which the waves draw back, and fling, At
their return, up the high strand,
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Begin, and cease, and then again begin, With
tremulous cadence slow, and bring The eternal
note of sadness in. Sophocles long ago Heard it
on the Aegean, and it brought Into his mind the
turbid ebb and flow Of human misery we Find
also in the sound a thought, Hearing it by this
distant northern sea, The Sea of Faith Was once,
too, at the full, and round earths shore Lay
like the folds of a bright girdle furled. But now
I only hear Its melancholy, long, withdrawing
roar,
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Retreating, to the breath Of the night-wind, down
the vast edges drear And naked shingles of the
world. Pebbled beaches Ah, love, let
us be true To one another! for the world, which
seems To lie before us like a land of dreams, So
various, so beautiful, so new, Hath really
neither joy, nor love, nor light, Nor certitude,
nor peace, nor help for pain And we are here as
on a darkling plain Swept with confused alarms of
struggle and flight, Where ignorant armies clash
by night. (1867)
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The Rise of Naturalism--Cubism
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The Rise of Naturalism--Cubism
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The Rise of Naturalism--Cubism
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Giacomettis Hollow men in the modern world
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Giacomettis Hollow men
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Anti-war Themes
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Rebers Graphic Depiction of the Modern World
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