THE TISSUES & INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

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THE TISSUES INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

• HUMAN ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY (LABORATORY MANUAL)
  BY ROMER, PINO, POPE, CHAPTER 2
• FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY BY MARTINI,
  7TH EDITION, CHAPTERS 4 5

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PRESENTATION CREATED BYALFONSO A. PINO, MD.
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THE MICROSCOPE
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THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
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BASE

• It contains
• Off on switch
• Voltage regulator
• illuminator

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STAGE

• It supports the microscope slides and contains
  slide clips and mechanical stage

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MECHANICAL STAGE

• It has 2 knobs for movement of the slides from
  left to right and front to back

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SUBSTANCE CONDENSOR

• It has 3 parts
• blue filter
• iris diaphragm
• condenser lens

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• Blue filter
• the short wavelength of the blue light
  provides maximum resolution
• Iris diaphragm
• controls the amount of light passing from the
  slide source
• Condenser lens
• collets and focuses the light from the
  illuminator onto the slide

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LENSES

• They magnify the image
• Objectives they have 3 or 4 objectives
• 4X scanner
• 10X low power
• 40X high dry
• 100 X oil emersion lens
• Ocular lens or eyepiece
• it is 10X and it can have a scale

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ADJUSTMENT KNOBS

• They are for focusing
• Coarse adjustment knob
• for locating and focusing objects (DO NOT
  USE for high magnification)
• Fine adjustment knob (small)
• for focusing on higher powers

knobs
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ARM

• Supports the objective lens

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CARES OF THE MICROSCOPE

• When moving the microscope, carry it with 2 hands
  (one hand to grip the arm and the other under
  the base
• Lenses have to be clean with lens paper (to keep
  them free of oil and dust).
• Do not use the coarse adjustment when focusing
  with the higher power objectives

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PROCEDURES

• 1- Turn on the illuminator using the on/off
  switch
• 2- Turn the nosepiece to bring the 4X objective
  (scanner) into position
• 3- Raise the stage into its highest position
• 4- Place a slide of the letter e in the slide
  clamp on the stage
• 5- Turn the coarse adjustment knob to bring the
  e into focus
• 6- Measure the field (the brightly lighted circle
  that you see when you look through the ocular
  lens)
• 7- Center the e in your field of view and then
  rotate the nosepiece to 10X
• 8- Use the fine adjustment knob to focus until
  the image is sharp. Draw the image. Do not use
  the coarse adjustment
• 10- Rotate the nosepiece until the 40X. Draw the
  image

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CUBOIDAL CELLS

• Simple cuboidal kidney

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SQUAMOUS CELLS

• Simple squamous peritoneum

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COLUMNAR CELLS

• Simple columnar small intestine

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TISSUE

• CONCEPT- IT IS A COLLECTION OF SPECIALIZED CELLS
  
• CELLS PRODUCTS THAT ARE
  ORGANIZED
• 
  TO PERFORM FUNCTIONS
• 4 TYPES
• EPITHELIAL TISSUE
• CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• MUSCLE TISSUE
• NEURAL TISSUE

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• EPITHELIAL TISSUE- IT COVERS EXPOSED SURFACES
  (SKIN),
• LINES
  INTERNAL PASSAGES CHAMBERS
• (DIGESTIVE,
  RESPIRATORY, REPRODUCTIVE AND ,
• 
  URINARY SYSTEMS )
• IT FORMS
  GLANDS
• CONNECTIVE TISSUE- IT FILLS INTERNAL SPACES,
• PROVIDES
  STRUCTURE SUPPORT ,
• 
  TRANSPORTS MATERIAL WITHIN THE BODY
• STORES
  ENERGY
• MUSCLE TISSUE- IT CONTRACTS TO PERFORM MOVEMENT.
  
  
• IT GENERATES HEAT
  THAT WARMS THE BODY
• NEURAL TISSUE- IT CARRIES INFORMATION FROM ONE
  PART OF
• THE BODY TO
  ANOTHER BY ELECTRICAL IMPULSES

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FUNCTIONS OF THE EPITHELIA

• PHYSICAL PROTECTION- FROM ABRASION,
• DEHYDRATION, CHEMICAL OR BIOLOGICAL
  AGENTS
• CONTROL PERMEABILITY- REGULATED BY
• HORMONES, TRANSPORT IONS NUTRIENTS
• PROVIDES SENSATIONS- TOUCH RECEPTORS,
• NEUROEPITHELIUM CONTEINS SENSORY CELLS
• THATPRODUCE SENSATIONS OF SMELL, TASTE,
  
• SIGTH, EQUILLIBRIUM OR HEARING
• PROVIDES SECRETIONS- GLANDS CELLS PRODECE
• SECRETIONS FOR PHYSICAL PROTECTION,
  CHEMICAL
• MENSSAGERS IN
  INTERSTITIAL FLUID BLOOD

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CLASSIFICATION OF THE EPITHELIA

• SHAPE- SQUAMOUS- THIN FLAT
• CUBOIDAL- LIKE LITTLE HEXAGONAL
  BOXES
• COLUMNAR- TALLER MORE SLENDER
• NUMBER OF CELLS
• SIMPLE- SINGLE LAYER OF CELLS
• STRATIFIED- SEVERAL LAYERS OF
  CELLS
• COMBINATIONS OF SHAPE NUMBER

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Martini pg 111
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TYPES OF EPITHELIA TISSUES WITH EXAMPLES

• SIMPLE SQUAMOUS- Lung, serous membranes, lining
  heart
• STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS- epidermis, mouth, throat,
  vagina
• SIMPLE CUBOIDAL- glands, ducts, kidney tubules
• STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL- linings some ducts
• TRANSITIONAL- urinary bladder, ureters
• SIMPLE COLUMNAR- stomach, gallbladder, uterine
  tubes
• PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM-
• 
  respiratory tract
  
• STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM- salivary glands
  ducts

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Martini pg112
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Martini pg 112
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Martini pg 113
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Transitional epithelium (Martini pg 113)
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Simple columnar epithelium (Martini pg 115)
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Stratified columnar epithelium (Martini pg 115)
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Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium (Martini pg 115)
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FUNCTIONS OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

• IT FORMS AN STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK
• IT TRANSPORTS FLUID MATERIALS
• IT PROTECTS DELICATES ORGANS
• IT SUPPORTS, SURROUNDS INTERCONNECTS
  
  
• 
  TISSUES
• IT STORAGES ENERGY
• IT CONTAINS CELLS THAT DEFEND THE BODY FROM
  MICROORGANISMS

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CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

• COLLAGEN FIBERS
• THEY ARE LONG, STRAIGTH UNBRANCHED
• THEY ARE A BUNDLE OF FIBROUS PROTEIN SUBUNITS
• 
  WOUND TOGETHER
• THEY HAVE LITTLE STRETCH, BUT GREAT TENSILE
  STRENGH
• THEY FORM TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS
• RETICULAR FIBERS
• THEY HAVE SAME SUBUNITS THAN COLLAGEN FIBERS
• BUT WITH A DIFFERENT PHYSICAL ARRNGEMENTARRANGEMME
  NT
• 
  
• THEY FORM A NETWORK THAT RESISTS FORCES APPLY
• FROM MANY DIRECTIONS AND
• THEY STABILIZE RELATIVE POSITION OF CELLS,
  ORGANS, BLOOD
• VESSELS, NERVES
  OTHER STRUCTURES

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• ELASTIC FIBERS
• THEY CONTEIN PROTEIN ELASTIN
• THEY ARE BRANCHED WAVY
• AFTER STRECHING, THEY CAN RETURN TO THEIR
  ORIGINAL LENGTH
• THEY LACK THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF COLLAGEN
• THEY DOMINATE IN ELASTIC LIGAMENTS
  

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TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES

• AREOLAR
• ADIPOSE
• RETICULAR
• DENSE REGULAR
• DENSE IRREGULAR
• ELASTIC
• CARTILAGE
• BONE
• BLOOD
• LYMPH

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Areolar tissue(Martini pg 119)
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Adipose tissue(Martini pg 122)
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Reticular tissue(Martini pg 122)
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Dense regular connective tissue(Martini pg 124)
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Dense irregular connective tissue(Martini pg 124)
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Elastic tissue(Martini pg 124)
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Hyaline cartilage(Martini pg 127)
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Bone tissue(Martini pg128)
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Blood(Martini pg125)
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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM(Martini, chapter 5 pg 154)

• LAYERS OF THE SKIN
• FROM EXTERNAL TO INTERNAL
• 1- EPIDERMIS
• 2- DERMIS
• 3- HYPODERMIS

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Martini pg 154
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EPIDERMIS

• Function- protection from chemical, physical
  biological agents
• 5 strata (from external to internal)
• Stratum corneum
• Stratum lucidum
• Stratum granulosum
• Stratum spinosum
• Stratum germinativum (basale)

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• Stratum corneum- 15-30 layers of keratinized
  cells. Water
• 
  resistant
  
  
• F- allows insensible perspiration
• More or less 500 ml of water
  every day
• Stratum lucidum- clear layer only in thick skin
  (palms soles).
  
• F-contains flattered packed
  cells filled with the protein
  
  
• 
  keratin
• Stratum granulosum- grainy layer
• F- to produce protein keratin
  keratohyalin basic
• 
  structural component of hair nails
  
  
• Stratum spinosum (8 to 10 layers)
• F- it contains Langerhands cells
  for Immune response
• against
  microorganisms Cancer cells
• Stratum germinativum or basale(The innermost)
  
• F- cells divide to replace
  superficial cells
  
  
• it contains Melanocytes to
  produce melanin
• For protection
  against uv radiation

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Epidermis (5 strata) (Martini pg 156)
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DERMIS

• Function- thermoregulation protection
• 2 mayor components-
  papillary reticular layers
• Papillary l- contains capillary lymphatic
• 
  vessels sensory neurons
• function- support nourishment of
  the
• overlaying
  epidermis
• Reticular l- deep to papillary layer
• function- to resist tension in the
  skin

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HYPODERMIS

• FUNCTION- ENERGY STORE
• CUSHIONING
• INSULATION

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ACCESSORY STRUCTURES

• Meissners corpuscles (white in models)
• F- light touch tactile receptors
• Pacinian corpuscles (olive in models)
• F- deep pressure vibration
  receptors
• Sebaceous glands- discharges waxy sebum into the
  hair
• 
  follicle
  
• F- lubrication
• Hair for protection, insulation, and tactile
  reception.
• It is divided into
• Shaft exposed hair and first part
  under skin
• Root- surrounded by hair follicle.
  Contains hair
• papilla- at the base
• Hair bulb- surrounds the papilla
• Arrector pili- smooth muscle that erects the hair
• Sweat glands- Apocrine
• Merocrine

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• Apocrine sweat gland
• Secrets its products into the hair
  follicle
• Begins its function at puberty
• Bacteria can intensify its odor
• Present only under armpits, around
  the nipples and groin
• Merocrine sweat gland- Discharge its contends
  directly on the
• 
  skin surface
  
  
• Sensible perspiration and
  thermoregulation by cooling
• surface of skin to
  reduce body temperature.
• It also acts to excrete water and
  electrolytes and reduces
• growth of
  microorganisms.
• 
  

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Hair follicle (Martini pg165)
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Hair follicle (Martini pg165)
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REMEMBER, GO TO THE TUTORING ROOM AND PRACTICE
WITH MODELS!

• ROOM 3326