French

1
Revolution

• French Indian War
• Through the
• Treaty of Paris 1783

2
Discovery

• 1492 Columbus sailed
• 1576 St. Augustine
• 1607 Jamestown
• 1608 Quebec
• 1620 Plymouth
• 1624 New Amsterdam
• New World - Spain, England, France the
  Netherlands

3
New World

• Passage to Far East
• Gold Silver
• Expand Empires/colonies
• Spain- 1 power until Spanish Armada 1588
• France Louis XIV-empire Canada - Louisiana
• England - 13 colonies, along the Atlantic seaboard

4
English came to New World ...

• Jamestown 1607 Get Rich
• Religious freedom
• Depression in England
• Enclosure Act
• Population Explosion
• Jailed for debt Indentured Servant

5
13 Colonies

• New England
• Middle Colonies
• Southern Colonies

6
Inhabitants

• English, Scottish, Irish
• Indians 1million in N. America
• 15 million in S. America
• die from European diseases new workers
  needed
• Africans 1st indentured servants
• Middle Passage Slaves ¾ in south
  plantation agriculture

7

• Native Americans
• Polytheistic
• No concept of private property
• British
• Monotheistic Protestants
• Private property
• No crop rotation
• 1750-1.5 million want land - west

• French
• Monotheistic - Catholics
• Fur traders
• No large colonies
• Forts M River
• Fr. marry Indian women

8
Colonial Government by 1750

• Governor apt. by king, veto
• Two House Legislature
• Upper House-(House of Lords) governor appoints
• Lower House elected
• 1.had to own land
• 2. white male
• 3. Religion - Christian

9
Legislatue

• Freedom to pass laws locally
• Discipline own members
• Power of the Purse
• Colonists start to self govern
• Distance the Key

10
World Wars America

• European powers wrestle 1
• Four Wars from 1680 on
• 4Seven Years War or French Indian War 1754
• Goal to gain control of N. America
• By 1750 New France 70,000
• vs. 1.5 million in British colonies
• French Indians block colonial
  western expansion

11
War for Empire

• 1754 Ben Franklins Albany Plan Join or Die
• Conflict opens- Ohio River Valley
• George Washington
• Ft. Necessity
• July 4, 1756
• French Hurons
• English Iroquois Confederacy

12
French Indian War

• Dominated by European soldiers, tactics
  resources
• First 3 years/ France victorious
• Indian guerilla warfare surprise British
• 1758 PM William Pitt
• Brilliant strategist - , troops, blockades
  Canada, Fr. lose allies
• BRITISH WIN WAR

13
Treaty of Paris 1763

• France is gone!
• Allowed 2 sugar islands in Caribbean
• GB gets Canada and land east of Miss.
• Spain gets Cuba for Florida
• Spain gets land west of Miss.

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15
The Results...

• War costly and casualties high
• Britains debt doubles
• Depression/ 40,000 unemployed in GB
• Want colonies to share cost of British Empire
• Trained future colonial generals/ leaders
• Beginning sense of new identity

16
Indians Still in Region

• Colonists move West conflict with Indians
• Pontiacs Rebellion
• British troops smallpox blankets
• Proclamation 1763 prohibited settlement beyond
  Appalachians
• Colonists angered

17
Road to Revolution

• 1st step onto shorenew ideas, strong individuals
• Ignored so evolved w/out a plan
• Salutary neglect
• Distance 3,000 miles 6 to 8 weeks
• managing colonies nearly impossible

18
Mercantilism

• Navigation Acts 1650
• Enumerated Articles-tobacco, sugar, indigo, rice,
  naval stores
• Results no manufacturing, no cash, few banks,
  colonial isolation, yet not unhappy

19
Navigation Acts

• Govern Colonial Trade
• ONLY
• Eng/ colonial ships
• Eng/ colonial sailors
• Goods shipped elsewhere go through English ports/
  taxed

20
"Enumerated articles go to England only"

• Results
• Colonies build ships
• Imbalances of trade/
• Ignore laws, bribery or smuggling- Hancock

21
Who's in Charge?

• George III
• 5 PMs in 10 yrs
• 145 million in debt,
• Who pays?
• 1764
• PM Greenville
• Sugar Acts
• Currency Act

22

• 1765 Quartering Act-
• 1765 Stamp Act
• 1st Internal tax paper goods legal documents,
  newspapers, pamphlets, wills used to support
  troops
• Effects articulate groups
• Violations of Acts
• Writs of Assistance
• Admiralty Courts

23
Reactions

• Usurpation of assemblies power
• no taxation without
• May 65 Virginia House of Burgesses
• Patrick Henry calls for rights of Englishmen
• Great Britains response Virtual Representation

24

• Aug. 65 Boston violence Mobs, effigies,
  tar feather vandalize
• Sons of Liberty- resistance group
• Daughters of Liberty
• Non-importation agreements Boycotts
• Stamp Act Congress 10/65 9 colonies
  NY-resolutions Parl. right to legislate but
  denied right to tax directly
• 3/66 act repealed but Declaratory Act passed

25
New PM Townshend

• 1767 Townshend Act indirect tax on imports
  paper, lead, paint, glass TEA
• Pays governor judges salary
• Sam Adams Massachusetts
• Penman of the Revolution
• Circular letters evolves to Committees of
  Correspondence

26
Test of Wills

• 1767-NY Legislature shut down forced to comply
  with Q. Act to reopen
• 1768 Mass Governor dissolves legislature and
  troops arrive in Boston
• The fuse is lit in
• BOSTON

27

• Edmund Burke
• The Americans have made a discovery that we
  mean to oppress them we have made a discovery
  that they intend to raise a rebellion. We do not
  know how to advance they do not know how to
  retreat.

28
Rights of Englishmen

• Common Law
• Magna Carta
• Glorious Revolution and
• John Lockes Two Treatises of Government

29
Locke's Natural Rights

• Life, Liberty, Property
• Social Contract-unwritten
• People enter contract with govt
• Give of some freedoms for protection of body AND
  rights
• If contract broken people can
• REBELL

30
Without the consent of Parliament the King

• could not keep a standing army
• could not create new taxes
• must have parliament meet frequently
• freedom of speech in parliament
• right to petition grievances
• Right of Habeas Corpus
• could not on whim make laws or special courts

31
Back to Boston

• Customs takes on smuggling can claim 1/3
  property if guilty
• 1768 John Hancocks ship held
• Tension increases. New calls for boycotts begin
  again.
• 3/70 repeal of Townshend Act except for tax on
  Tea
• But that same night in Boston

32
Boston Massacre

• March 5, 1770
• Colonial Mob
• Lobster backs
• open fire
• Crispus Attucks
• 5 die
• John Adams defends
• British Soldiers

33
TEA

• 1773 new Tea Act
• Actually lowers tax but
• East India Co. - monopoly
• Boycotts calledPhiladelphia NYC
• Boston 12/73
• PAR-TAY TIME!

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Response

• Colonial reaction- not all happy destruction of
  property
• 1774 Intolerable Acts Coercive Acts
• Quebec Act
• First Continental Congress

36
Intoleralble Acts

• Shuts down port of Boston
• Reduce power of colonial assemblies ( disband)
• Town meetings only once a year
• Brits who break law may have trial in England
• New Quartering Actall housed

37
Quebec Act

• Ohio Valley region is given to Canada
• Canadian Government No elected assembly
• Allows French Canadians to practice Catholic
  Religion
• Colonists angry

38
First Continental Congress 1774

• Colonial elite gather to discuss grievances
• 12 colonies,55 men, Philadelphia
• Support Massachusetts
• Boycott all imports and exports
• Put forth Declaration of Rights
• Suggest colonies train militia

39
Lexington Concord

• April 1775
• Minutemen
• Rumor colonial store of arms
• 700 Redcoats Surprise attack
• Paul Reveres ride
• 1st battle Lexington
• War had started

40
Shot heard Round the World

• By the rude bridge that arched the floods,
• Their flag to April breeze unfurled,
• Here once the embattled farmers stood,
• And fired the shot heard round the world
• Emerson

41
British Americans

• Disciplined, experienced army
• Strong Navy
• Arms, gunpowder
• Monetary Wealth
• Use of mercenaries Hessians
• - Generals officers
• - Stretched supply lines
• - Doubled National Debt
• Expenses
• Public Support
• - Had to win

• - Small, untrained army
• - No navy, only.
• - Low supply of arms, cannons gunpowder
• - Fought in colonys regiment-not united
• Outstanding Military Civilian Leadership
• Home field advantage
• Guerilla tactics
• Sharpshooters
• French Foreign Aid
• 2-1 troop population

42
Second Continental Congress

• May 1775 Faced with war
• Olive Branch Petition- declared loyalty to King
  George III
• George Washington named commander in chief
• Same Time
• Green Mt. Boys Ft. Ticonderoga
• Bunker Hill Dont shoot until you see the
  whites of their eyes

43
Push Towards Independence

• George IIIs declaration that colonies in revolt
  brought more troops Hessian mercenaries
• British fleet blockades
• Colonies fight 14 months before
• By 1776 no compromise in sight

44
Thomas Paine

• Recent immigrant from GB
• Jan 76 published Common Sense
• No rational reason or advantage to stay tied to
  GB distance alone should encourage separation
• King Royal Brute

45

• Called for independence and creation of a
  Republic
• Reconciliation ?? There is something absurd in
  supposing a continent to be perpetually governed
  by an island
• By July 1776 over 150,000 pamphlets circulating
  the colonies

46
Strong Arguments for Independence

• 1. Needed to sign commercial treaties with other
  nations
• 2. Alliances with other nations France
• 3. Continental Army no longer traitor to the
  crown

47
Declaration of Independence

• By June 1776 Congress ready to act
• Explanation to the world
• Richard Henry Lee/Va.-
• Offers resolution these United States are and
  of right ought to be, free and independent
  states

48
Committee

• John Adams
• Ben Franklin
• Thomas Jefferson
• Robert Livingstone
• Roger Sherman
• July 4, 1776
• Remember the ladies

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Decalaration...4 Parts

• Preamble
• Declaration of Rights
• List of Grievances against King George III
• Declares colonies the United States of America
  Free from British rule
• Signers guilty of Treason

51
Influence

• One of worlds most important
• Example to other nations
• Most remembered line All men are created equal
• Change toward equal rights, opportunities and a
  voice in government

52
Reaction...

• 2.5 million population in USA
• 1/3 unhappy Loyalists or Tories white, 20
  slaves, Indians Canada mid/southern
  statesfled to Canada England
• 1/3 for Independence Whigs/ Patriots
• 1/3 do not care

53

• War not easy for
• By August GB sent 32,000 troops to NYC 130
  warships
• Begging for funds
• Men under trained, no provisions constantly
  in retreat
• Foreign officers

54
Colonial War

• New England gtMiddle Colonies --gt Southern
  Colonies
• British unable to capture nerve center
• Brits force GW to retreat from N.Y. to Delaware
• Crisis of confidenceThese are the times that
  try mens souls

55
Trenton/ Princeton

• Dec. 26, 1776
• Cross the Delaware -2400
• Surprise Hessian Troops
• On to victory at Princeton
• Last victory for colonials until Oct. 1777
• Morale Boosters

56
Washington Crossing the Delaware by Emmanuel
Leutze (1851)
57
"Stars Stripes"

• Description of the flag
• During the Revolutionary War, numerous flags were
  used. After the Declaration of Independence was
  signed on 4 July 1776, the people realized they
  needed one flag to replace all the assortment of
  flags used previously. On 14 June 1777, the
  Continental Congress adopted the following
  resolution
• "RESOLVED, that the flag of the 13 United States
  be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white
  That the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue
  field, representing a new constellation." Because
  the resolution was not specific there were a
  number of variations of the 13 star flag.
• Although legend has it that Betsy Ross sewed the
  first flag from a design by George Washington,
  this has not been substantiated. The first
  documented U.S. flag was the staggered star
  pattern shown above. A strong case for the
  designer of the first flag is Francis Hopkinson.
  A delegate from New Jersey to the Continental
  Congress and a signer of the Declaration of
  Independence. He submitted a bill to Congress for
  "currency designs, design for the great seal of
  the U.S., a treasury seal, a design for the flag
  ..."

58
Saratoga

• Oct. 17, 1777
• GB General Burgoyne drive down center of NY
  divide colonies in half isolate NE
• Met by Benedict Arnold
• Surrenders entire N. British Army 5700 Brit
  prisoners
• Major humiliation defeat

59
Turning Point

• Ben Franklin Louis XVI
• France agrees to aid American cause-Spain
• Belief now USA could win
• Feb. 78 Treaty of Alliance
• Provides states with .

60
Even with Boost, 1780-81 Darkest Period

• Inflation-gt continentals worthless
• Congress virtually bankrupt
• Desertion increasing troops unpaid
• Benedict Arnold sells himself to the British

61
Yorktown

• Oct. 1781
• Cornwallis leads British troops to Yorktown
  peninsula, Chesapeake
• Trapped by French naval Blockade
• Cornwallis surrenders to the tune of Yankee
  Doodle
• War is over

62
Treaty of Paris 1783

• Peace delegation
• US free independent nation
• US boundaries Atlantic to Miss River Florida
  returned to Spain
• US agrees to pay Loyalists
• Congress ratified April 19, 1781
• GW retired for almost 2 years