Lordosis & Kyphosis Scoliosis a sideways curvature of

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Vertebral Column

• By Alex Bond, Rob DeSanctis, Athina Krimitzi and
  Maria Spinosi

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Name the Parts of the Vertebral column
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Spine

• 5 regions
• Function axial support for the body and balance
• Protect spinal cord
• Flexible motion
• Also known as vertebral column

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Cervical Vertebrae

• 7 cervical vertebrae
• Identified as C1-C7
• First 2 are called atlas and axis because they
  perform different functions

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Thoracic

• Larger than cervical vertebrae
• Articulate to ribs
• T1-T12

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Lumbar

• L1-L5
• Massive block-like bodies
• Short-hatchet shaped spinous process
• Sturdiest

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Sacral

• Fusion of 5 vertebrae
• Ala connects to hip
• Forms pelvic posterior wall
• Superior to coccyx
• It is between the two hip bones connecting the
  spine to the pelvis
• Ends the vertebral canal

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Coccyx

• Tailbone
• Fusion of 3-5 irreglar invertabrae
• Remnant of the tail that other vertebrae animals
  have

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Explain how the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar
vertebrae differ from one another
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Cervical

• Neck region
• Protects the brain stem and the spinal cord
• Supports the skull
• Very mobile
• Is responsible for movement of the head
• Allows for a wide range of movement

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Thoracic

• Thoracic cavity
• Rib attachments and longer spinous processes add
  to the thoracic strength
• These structures make the thoracic spine more
  stable and larger than the cervical or lumbar
  regions

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Thoracic

• Distinguished because they are the only vertebrae
  to articulate with the ribs
• The spinous process is long and hooks sharply
  downward
• The rib cage and ligament system limit the
  thoracic spines range of motion and protects
  vital organs.

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Lumbar

• Lower back
• Larger range of motion than the thoracic, less
  than the cervical
• Joints allow for significant flexion and
  extension movement but limits rotation

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Lumbar

• Have massive blocklike bodies
• Short hatchet shaped spinous processes
• Because they have the most stress, they are
  sturdiest

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Discuss the importance of intervertebral discs
and spinal curvatures
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Intervertebral Discs

• Pads of flexible fibrocartilage which separate
  individual vertebrae
• Cushion vertebrae, absorb shocks, allow for spine
  flexibility

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Changes in Discs

• Structure changes with age
• In a young person, 90 is water
• Spongy and flexible
• Water content decreases with age, discs become
  harder and less compressible
• More susceptible to herniated, or slipped,
  discs

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Curvatures

• Discs and S-shaped structure prevent shock to
  the head when we walk or run, make the body
  flexible

• Primary
• Curvatures of the thoracic and sacral regions
• Present at birth
• C-shape of a newborn

• Secondary
• Curvatures of cervical and lumbar regions
• Develop after birth
• Allow us to center body weight on lower limbs
• Cervical - Baby begins to raise head
• Lumbar - Baby begins to walk

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Identify the joints that connect bones of the
vertebral column
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Facet Joints

• Each vertebra has two sets of facet joints. One
  pair faces upward (superior articular facet) and
  one downward (inferior articular facet).
• There is one joint on each side (right and left).
• Facet joints are hingelike and link vertebrae
  together.
• They are synovial joints.
• This means each joint is surrounded by a capsule
  of connective tissue and produces a fluid to
  nourish and lubricate the joint.
• The joint surfaces are coated with cartilage
  allowing joints to move or glide smoothly
  articulate against each other.

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Lumbo-sacral Joints

• Special joint between S1 and L5
• The lumbosacral region of the spine consists of 5
  lumbar vertebrae and the sacrum (5 bones joined
  together).
• The sacral segment is inclined anteriorly and
  inferiorly forms an angel with the horizontal
  called the lumbo-sacral angle

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Explain how the abnormal spinal curvatures differ
from one another
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Scoliosis, Lordosis Kyphosis

• Scoliosis
• a sideways curvature of the spine. These curves
  are often S- or C-shaped.
• Lordosis
• inward curve of the lumbar spine (just above the
  buttocks).
• Kyphosis
• outward curve of the thoracic spine (at the level
  of the ribs)

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Video!

• http//www.spineuniverse.com/anatomy/spinal-anatom
  y-animation

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References

• http//www.coloradospineinstitute.com/subject.php?
  pnanatomy-spinalregions14
• http//rebuildhealth.com/casestudy2.html
• http//www.spineuniverse.com/anatomy/facet-joints-
  spine-anatomy
• http//www.spineuniverse.com/anatomy/spinal-anatom
  y-animation
• AP Textbook