Diplomacy

1
Diplomacy The Great War

• An overview of U.S. Leaders and policies leading
  up to World War I

2
Diplomacy During the Roosevelt Presidency

• There is anadage which runs, Speak softly and
  carry a big stick you will go far. If the
  American nation will speak softly and yet build
  and keep at a pitch of the highest training a
  thoroughly efficient navy, the Monroe Doctrine
  will go far.

3
Big Stick Diplomacy

• Use of military force to influence political
  events in other countries
• Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine-U.S. can
  intervene

sooner or later, we must keep order ourselves
4
So Long, Teddy, Hello Big Guy

• Roosevelt decides not to run again
• Hand picks William Howard Taft to succeed him as
  Republican nominee
• Had been Governor of the Philippines
• Shared some of T.R.s beliefs about breaking up
  trusts, but support business
• Thought U.S. investment abroad would help Latin
  America gain stability.

5
Dollar Diplomacy

• Substituting dollars for bullets
• To protect loans given to countries, U.S. would
  operate their Customs Houses
• Reflects Tafts pro-business views

6
theres a happenins transpirin

• Roosevelt had gone to Africa for big-game hunting
  
• Comes back, thinks Taft is a softie on political
  reforms
• Forms a new partyThe Bull Moose Party, also
  known as the Progressives
• In a three-way race, he finishes secondahead of
  Taft, but behind

7
Woodrow Wilson

• Democratic former Governor of New Jersey and
  former president/professor at Princeton
• Son of a Ministerstrong Christian upbringing
• Ticks off T.R. by trying to make a treaty
  awarding Colombia damages for the loss of the
  Panama Canal Zone.
• Sponsors a new kind of diplomacy

8
Moral Diplomacy
"The force of America is the force of Moral
Discipline"

• Main goals of Moral Diplomacy
• Spread Democracy
• Promote Human Rights
• Promote Peace
• Condemn Colonialism

• How he wants to do it
• Third-party arbitration of conflicts
• Cease-fire agreements during negotiation

"we will prove ourselves thier friends... upon
terms of equality and honor"
9
The Great War
10
Some background

• In 1870s, Germany is unified as one nation,
  becomes a major industrial and military power
• In 1888, 29-year-old Wilhelm II becomes Kaiser of
  Germany after fathers death
• In 1905, Russia loses Russo-Japanese Warcauses a
  lot of unrest in Russia

11
1914

• Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the
  Austria-Hungary throne, assassinated in Sarajevo
• Germany declares war on Russia, France, invades
  neutral Belgium
• Great Britain declares war on Germany
• First trenches are dug

12
1915

• Germany begins Zeppelin air raids of Britain
• Germany declares submarine blockade of Great
  Britain
• Germans use first chemical weapons in the Second
  Battle of Ypres.
• HMS Lusitania sunk124 Americans killed
• Italy declares war on Austria-Hungary

13
1916

• Battle of Verdun
• Draw
• 1 million casualties
• Battle of Jutland,
• Only major naval engagement of the war
• No clear winner
• Battle of the Somme
• Allied breakthrough
• 1 million casualties
• In U.S., Woodrow Wilson re-elected

14
1917

• Germany declares unrestricted submarine warfare
• Brits release Zimmerman Note
• Tsarist government falls in Russia
• April 6United States declares war on Germany
• In December, new Russian government signs
  armistice with Germany

15
1918

• U.S. troops had begun to arrive in June, 1917
• British and U.S. navies combine forces, form
  convoys to counter U-boats
• Help to stop German advances, heavy casualties to
  the 270,000 U.S. troops
• By end of summer, over 1 million Americans in
  Europe

16
The End of the War to End All Wars

• Americans help France lead last offensive
• Cut off German communication and supply lines
• By early November, Bulgaria, Austria-Hungary, and
  the Ottoman Empire sign armistice
• Germany signs at 1100, 11/11/1918
• 5 million allied troops, 3 million Germans,
  116,000 Americans killed, with over 200,000
  wounded or missing

17
Woodrow sets sail for Paris

• Wilson had outlined his 14 points as a plan for
  world peace
• Instrumental in the Treaty of Versailles
• Part of the treaty is to form the League of
  Nations to help resolve international conflicts

18
The Fourteen Points

• Open Covenants
• Freedom of Navigation
• Trade Equalityremoval of economic barriers
• Lower armaments
• Reduce colonial claims
• Russian autonomy
• Restoration of Belgium
• France gets back Alsace-Lorraine

• Readjust Italys borders
• Austro-Hungarian autonomy
• Independence for the Balkan states
• Free Turkey, open Dardanelles for passage
• Independent Poland
• A general association of nations

19
Wilson the Hero

• June 28,1919Treaty of Versailles signed by the
  German delegates and the Allies
• Incredibly popular in Europe during the peace
  talks
• Visions for a new world order widely accepted by
  the general public

20
Or is he?

• He thought the punishments were too harsh, but
  goes along to save the treaty
• Fails to convince U.S. Senate to ratify the
  treaty
• United States fails to join the League of Nations
• Once again isolates itself from much of the world

21
The End of Woodrow

• While fighting for the treaty, collapses from
  exhaustion in Colorado
• Days later, he has a stroke, and is left half
  paralyzed--must communicate through his wife
• Dies in 1924, bitter about his failure to get
  U.S. to join his crowning achievement

I am proud to remember that I had the honor of
being the commander in chief of the most ideal
army that was ever thrown together