Lets study together

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Sense and Reference

• Lets study together

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Sense

• The relationship inside the language that creates
  meaning.
• It is related with the complex system of
  relationship between one linguistic element with
  other linguistic elements such as (word-word,
  phrase phrase, etc).
• E.g.
• Every house has got a main bedroom.
• Every house has different sense with individual
  word, every and house

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Reference

• The relationships between language and the world
• It deals with the relationship between the
  language elements (word, phrase, and clause) and
  the non linguistic elements (the world of
  experience)
• E.g
• William Shakespeare lived in this house
• William Shakespeare indicates a person while this
  house indicates a thing

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Try to determine the reference

• The morning star
• K.H. Abdurrahman Wahid
• The president
• Black board

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Sometimes same word have more than one sense

• 1. The bank of Tokyo
• The bank of Musi
• 2. A mug of milk
• He is a famous mug
• 3. Hak manusia
• Hak sepatu

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Analyze the following sentences. Does it have one
sense or more ? How many reference does it

• Luna Maya is engaged to Ariel.
• Buku dijual ibu
• Flying plane is dangerous.

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Referring expression

• Any expression used in an utterance to refer to
  someone or something
• Example
• Y John hit the cat.
• In this utterance, the name John refers to
  someone, while the expression the cat refers a
  certain cat. Thus, John and the cat are referring
  expression

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Type of Referring expression
Definiteness Collectiveness
Definite Collective
Indefinite Distributive
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Referring expression can occur in the form of
proper name, noun, or noun phrase.

• Definite referring expressions refer to an
  identifiable individual or class (The Dalai Lama
  The Coldstream Guards the student with the
  highest marks)
• Indefinite referring expressions allow
  opportunity in identifying the referent (a
  corrupt Member of Parliament a cat with black
  ears - where a is to be interpreted as 'any' or
  'some actual but unspecified').

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• Collective reference is the picking out of the
  members of a set as a set,
• Distributive reference is the picking out of the
  members of a set individually.
• Compare the examples
• Manchester United won again today (where the
  reference of Manchester United is to members of
  the team as a unit), with Manchester United wear
  red shirts and black shorts (where the reference
  of Manchester United is to the team members as
  individuals).
• The difference may not be marked linguistically,
  but arrived at by interpretation in context.

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