Multiple Approaches towards Sustainable Development

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Multiple Approaches towards Sustainable
Development

• Seminar, IRRI, Los Banos 30 September 2005
• Jose Ireneu dos Remedios Furtado
• BSc (Hons.), PhD, FRSA, FWAAS, Hon. Professor
  (Mauritius)
• Visiting Professor, Imperial College London
• Jose.Furtado_at_imperial.ac.uk / Tel (020)
  7594-7308 / RSM 4-07

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Multiple Approaches towards Sustainable
Development

• What is the Nature of the Challenge confronting
  our Future?
• What is Sustainable Development?
• How can Sustainable Development be effectively
  approached?

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(A) What is the Nature of the Challenge
confronting our Future?
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Photo-oxidation
Weather changes
Ozone depleting substances
Extreme events Floods, Storms
Pollution Habitat fragmentation
Epidemic Scarcity
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CAUSES OF FAILURE IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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Generalized Global Local Crises affecting
Sustainability
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Environmental Sustainability Gross Genuine
savings, 1997
Gross
savings
Africa
Genuine
savings
East Asia
Europe C.Asia
Developing countries
0
10
20
30
40
50
Percent of GDP
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(B) What is Sustainable Development?
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Sustainable Development

• Balance between Efficiency Equity (Access
  Inclusion) Ecological Resilience
• Realization of Freedoms, Choices
  Responsibility in Transforming all 5 Forms of
  Assets or Capital
• Consciousness Investment Control ? Systems
  Stability Diversity Complexity Resilience
  (i.e. Control of Humanitarian crises,
  Inequalities Poverty)

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Ecosystem Functions, Flows and Adaptation in
Relation to Capital Connectedness
Source Folke, C, L Pritchard Jr., F Berkes, J
Colding and U Svedin, 1998. The Problem of Fit
between Ecosystems and Institutions. IHDP Working
Paper No. 2 38 pp. Bonn International Human
Dimensions Programme
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5 Ecosystem Principles for Development

• Ecosystems Biota ?? Abiotic Environment
• Ecosystems powered by 5 Resources
• External Energy ? Acquired Flows Dissipated
• Materials (e.g. Nutrients) ? Cycled
• Space ? Colonization, Livelihood, Organization
• Time ? Life-history Events
• Information ? Control Investments
• Ecosystems conserve Energy Matter
• Ecosystems grow by Organizational Efficiency,
  Complexity Scale Strong systems capture Weak
• Ecosystems store Information in Physical,
  Chemical Biotic structures Baryon number
  (Genetic constitution), Spin (Environment)
  Charge (Association)

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The Role of Biodiversity in Ecosystem Functions
and their Uses
Source de Groot, R. S., 1992. Functions of
Nature Evaluation of nature in environmental
planning, management and decision
making. Groningen Wolters-Noordhoff BV
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Local, National Global Environmental Benefits
of Sustainable Land Management
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Forms of Human Capital for Social Economic
Development
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(C) How can Sustainable Development be
effectively approached?
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Sustainable Development Properties

• Poverty reduction Monetary scale, Knowledge
  scale, Consciousness scale
• Governance Democratic, Pluralistic,
  Decentralized, Just, Equitable, Human Rights
• Modernization Socio-cultural transformations
  and changes
• Based on
• Understanding Human nature, Culture, Tradition
  Consciousness
• Preferred Culture Value system
• Vital participation of subject (developee)
  Third party (developer)
• Replicable interventions, projects,
  collaborations, etc. by Third party
• Delivery of resources (Equipment, Finance,
  Know-how, Skills, Political clout, Values,
  Life-styles, etc.)
• Technical experts, Advisers, Trainers, Change
  facilitators, etc.

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Change Processes for Sustainable Development

• Resource Transfers Haves ? Have Nots
• Transformations Dependence ? Independence ?
  Inter-dependence
• Freedom of Choice Limited ? Increasingly
  Individualistic
• Exposure to Natural Hazards Susceptibility ?
  Controlled Systems
• Knowledge Environment Certainty ? Uncertainty
  Ambiguity Contradictions
• Information Knowledge Base Static ? Growing
  ? Diversifying
• Socio-cultural Architecture Simple ? Complex
  Systems
• Management of Variables Tangible ?
  Intangibles
• Nature of Processes Linear Predictable ?
  Dynamic Chaotic
• Interventions Short-term Time-bound ?
  Long-term Open-ended

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Matrix of Policy Instruments for Environmentally
Sustainable Development
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Sustainability Steps in International Development

• Linkages Population Economic growth Social
  equity Human development Environmental
  sustainability
• Poverty ? ? Environment
• Population growth ? ? Natural resources
  degradation
• Energy production ? ? Pollution ? ?Sustainable
  livelihoods
• Trade (Regulations Competitiveness) ? ?
  Environment
• Capital formation ? Socio-economic Bio-physical
  environment
• Ecological dynamics ? Environmental goods
  services
• Wealth creation ? Dynamics of 5 forms of Capital
  / Assets Natural Human Socio-Political
  (Institutional) Physical (Technological)
  Economic (Financial)
• Information (Knowledge) ? ? Institutions
  (Participation Governance) ? ? Infrastructure
• Sustainability Transformation of Capital from 1
  Form to Another
• Social Environmental problems ? due to lack of
  Inter-connectedness
• Sustainable Development Planning Indicators
  Important

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Comprehensive Development Framework Matrix of
Dimensions
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• Millennium Development Goals
• (Adopted September 2000 as part of the UN
  Millennium Declaration)
• POVERTY HUNGER Eradicate extreme poverty
  hunger (1/2 between 1990 2015)
• MATERNAL HEALTH Provide access to reproductive
  health services to all (by 2015) Reduce
  maternal mortality (3/4 between 1990 2015)
• PRIMARY EDUCATION Achieve universal primary
  education (by 2015)
• DISEASE EPIDEMICS Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria
  other epidemic diseases
• EQUALITY EMPOWERMENT Promote gender equality
  empower women
• ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY Ensure
  environmental sustainability by implementing
  national strategies (by 2005) so as to reverse
  environmental resource loss (by 2015)
• CHILD MORTALITY Reduce infant child mortality
  (2/3 between 1990 2015)
• DEVELOPMENT PARTNERSHIPS Develop a global
  partnership for development
• "We will spare no effort to free our fellow men,
  women, and children from abject and de-humanizing
  conditions of extreme poverty, to which more than
  a billion of them are currently subjected." 
• For more about these millennium goals, see
  www.developmentgoals.org .

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Seven Steps to Achieving Millennium Development
Goals (MDG)
Source World Bank, 2002. Perspectives on
Development. Winter 2001/2002. Washington, DC
World Bank
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Towards a Comprehensive Agenda

• Quality with Quantity
• Equity Sustainability with Growth
• Micro with Macro
• Interactions with Complementarities support
  Selectivity Scaling-up

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Sustainability Implications for Rice-based Systems

• CGIAR

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CGIAR System Research Priorities 2005-2015
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Source CGIAR, 2005. CGIAR System Research
Priorities for 2005-2016. Draft. Science Council
Secretariat, FAO Rome Consultative Group on
International Agricultural Research
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Leadership Transformation in the 21st Century
Due to Information Technology Knowledge Sharing
Source Harlan Cleveland
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Outlook for Development in the 21st Century
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External Factors contributing to Outcomes
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Policy Instruments for Development
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Table Sustainability Rules and Indicators
Source Perrings
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Table Framework for Distinguishing
Sustainable / Unsustainable Natural
Resources Management
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