Organic Chemistry – Level 3

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Organic Chemistry Level 3

• Introduction
• New groups
• Isomers
• Types of reactions
• Extra reactions

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Introduction

• In the level 2 section of organic chemistry we
  learnt that
• Organic molecules are carbon compounds
• They come in a numbers of different types (based
  on certain functional groups)
• They come in a range of sizes (based on the
  number of carbons in their structure)
• A each organic molecule with a certain chemical
  formula can be rearranged to form varieties
  called isomers
• See the level 2 notes for full details

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New Organic Groups

• So far we have seen the following types of
  organic chemicals
• Alkanes plain, boring, hydrocarbons
• Alkenes hydrocarbons with double bonds
• Alkynes hydrocarbons with triple bonds
• Haloalkanes like alkanes but with halogen(s)
• Alcohols these have a OH group attached
• Carboxylic acids like alcohols but they also
  contain a double bonded oxygen
• Esters too hard to explain
• This year we look at a few more
• Amines, amides, aldehydes, ketones and acids
  chlorides (also known as acyl chlorides)

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Types looked at so far
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The new ones
Aldehyde
Ketone
Amine
Amide
Acyl Chloride
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Isomers

• In level 2 chemistry we found out that there were
  a number of types of isomers
• Structural isomers different arrangements of
  the same chemical formula
• Geometrical isomers different arrangement that
  are caused by double bonds (alkenes)
• This year we find out that there is one more type
  of isomer. Take a look at the two chemicals below
  and identify how they are different

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Optical Isomers

• The two chemicals on the previous page were very
  similar except that they are mirror images and
  they cannot be superimposed on each other (just
  like our left and right hands)
• These optical isomers are also called
  enantiomers. Their ability to act as isomers is
  determined by a chiral carbon (a carbon with 4
  different structures/atoms bonded to it)
• Enantiomers have very few different
  characteristics. They have
• Similar boiling and melting points
• Identical reactions
• Same colour and appearance
• This makes them quite difficult to tell apart.
  The only way is
• Each optical isomers will rotate polarised light
  in different directions.
• Enantiomers that rotate light to the left are
  called l isomers e.g. l-glucose. The ones that
  rotate light to the right are called d isomers
  e.g. d-glucose

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Types of Reactions

• Before we move on to the next section, it is
  important that we know the meaning of the
  following words

• Elimination
• Combustion
• Esterification
• Saponification
• Oxidation
• Addition
• Substitution

• Hydrogenation
• Dehydrogenation
• Halogenation
• Hydrohalogenation
• Condensation
• Hydrolysis
• Polymerisation

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