Title: Polymeric Materials Molecular View
1Polymeric Materials Molecular View
2Fundamentals of Matter
- Periodic Table
- Arranged by number of Protons
- Metals (lose electrons)
- Non-metals (gain electrons)
3Fundamentals of Matter
- Electrons
- Shells (n1,2,3,4,5) rows on periodic table
- Orbitals (s,p,d,f) columns on periodic table
s
p
4Basic Organic Chemistry
- Contains Carbon
- Carbon has 4 bonds in every molecule
- Valence bonds (number of bonds formed)
- Carbon4, Nitrogen3, Oxygen2, Chlorine1,
Hydrogen1
5Basic Organic Chemistry
6Bonding (attractions)
Function of distance between atoms
7Bonding (attractions)
-
Cl
Na
Transfer of electron
8Metal Atom
Non-Metal Atom
Electrons have been transferred
Negative (-) charged non-metal atom
Positive () charged metal atom
Ionic Bonding
Combination of a metal and a non-metal atom to
create an ionic bond material
9-
-
Ionic Bonds Negatively Charged Non-Metal
Particle Positively Charged Metal Particle
Part
-
-
-
-
-
-
Crystal structure showing charged metal and
non-metal particles and the ionic bonds between
them
10Bonding (attractions)
Cr
Fe
Sea of electrons
11Metallic Bonding
12Bonding (attractions)
- Covalent Non-metal w/ Non-metal
Cl
Shared electrons
13Bonding (attractions)
- Secondary bonds
- Polar bond/Hydrogen bond
- One atom in a covalent bond is more negative than
the other - Atoms that cause polar bonding F, O, N, Cl
d-
d
Partial charges
O
C
Unequal sharing
14Crystalline Region
Non-Metal Atoms
Part
Amorphous Region
Covalent Bond (shared electrons)
15Periodic Table of the Elements
Metals
Non-Metals
Ceramics (Ionic Bonds)
Polymers (Covalent Bonds)
Metals (Metallic Bonds)
16Hydrogen (polar) Bonding
17Polymers
- Polarity in polymers
- Atoms that result in polarity F, O, N, Cl
18Functional groups
19Aromaticity
Increasing Aromaticity
20Polymers
Monomer
Polymer
21Polymers
- Carbon based and silicon based
- Almost all polymers are based on carbon
- Silicones and related polymers are the only
silicone based polymers
22Addition Polymerization
- Mechanism
- Monomer in vessels (temperature and pressure)
- Initiatorfree radicals
- Attack CC (p bond)
- Bond and make new free radical
- New p bond reaction
- New free radical created
- Continuation
- Termination
23Addition Polymerization
24Addition Polymerization
Initiation and growth
25Addition polymerization
Initiator
26Addition Polymerization
- Chain TerminationUnreacted end, another chain
27Addition Polymerization
- Chain TerminationUnreacted Peroxide
28Addition Polymerization
- Chain TerminationOzone Quench
29Addition Polymerization
- Copolymers from Addition Polymerization
- Block Copolymer
- Random Copolymer
- Regular Copolymer
- Graft Copolymer
30Condensation Polymerization
- Mechanism
- Monomers (2)
- Each has two reactive sites
- Monomer ends react
- Condensation
- Removal of condensate
- Chain termination ends reaction
31Condensation Polymerization
32Making a polyamide (nylon)
33Condensation Polymerization
34Making a polyester
35Addition vs. Condensation
Condensation polymerization
Addition polymerization
- Polymer Growth Mechanism
- Dependence on previous step
- Initiator needed
- Type of monomer
- Number of active sites (functional groups) per
monomer - Number of different types of monomers needed to
form polymer - By-product formed
- Basic (polymer repeat unit) representation
- Polymer chain characteristics
- Branching
- Chain reaction
- Yesdependent sequential events
- Yes
- Contains carbon-carbon double bond
- 1
- 1
- No
- Monomer without the double bond and with bonds on
either side - A few, long chains
- Possible
Step-by-step reactions Noindependent
events No Has reacting bifunctional groups on
the ends 2 2 (usually) Yes (usually) Two
monomers joined together Many not very long
chains Unlikely
36Rearrangement Polymerization
37Thank You