Growing Grapes and their uses Rachel Peterson

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Growing Grapes and their usesRachel Peterson
Modified by Georgia Agricultural Education
Curriculum Office June 2002
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Introduction

• Grapes are the most common fruit and are also
  the oldest cultivated plant throughout the world.
  This presentation will define the grape and
  inform you on the general information,
  nutritional facts, and the many varieties of
  grapes. If your pondering growing grapes here, in
  Wisconsin, there is helpful information on how to
  do it and problems that may occur. I explain the
  parts of the plant, site selection, planting,
  pruning, harvesting and picking, and diseases.
  Lets start out by asking, What is a grape?

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Definition

• Grape (grap),n. derived from an Old French word
  "grape," meaning "bunch" or "cluster" also a
  kind of hook used to harvest grapes. Compare to
  the English word "grapple."

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General Information

• Grapes do not continue to ripen after they have
  been picked.
• Woody vine
• Perennial Portions
• roots
• trunk
• perhaps cordons
• Compound buds

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More General Information

• Grapes are about 80 percent water
• Grapes also add fiber to the diet.
• Red grapes are rich in quercetin, a newly
  discovered anticancer agent that the University
  of California tab studies have shown can suppress
  malignant cells before they form tumors.
• The mineral "boron" (found in apples, grapes,
  grape juice and raisins) may retard bone loss in
  women after menopause. Also, boron helps women on
  ERT (estrogen replacement therapy) keep the
  estrogen in their blood longer.

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Nutritional Facts

• serving size 1 1/2 cups (138g/14.9oz)
• Amounts Per Serving Daily Value
• Calories 90
• Calories from Fat 10
• Total Fat og
• Sodium 0mg 0
• Potassium 270mg 8
• Total Carbohydrate 24g 8
• Dietary Fiber 1g 2
• Sugars 23g
• Protein 1g
• Vitamin A 2
• Vitamin C 25
• Calcium 2
• Iron 2

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Varieties of Grapes

• Grapes come in three basic colors green
  (sometimes called white), red and blue-black.
• More than 50 kinds of grapes are currently in
  production.
• Each variety has its own distinct color, taste,
  texture and history.  

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Varieties of Grapes

• PerletteThe first grape of the season, the
  Perlette is light in color - almost frosty green
  with a translucent cast the berries are almost
  round. Perlette means "little pearl" in French.

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Varieties of Grapes

• SugraoneThe Sugraone berry is bright green and
  elongated. The fruit offers a light, sweet flavor
  and a distinctive crunch.

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Varieties of Grapes

• Thompson SeedlessAlmost everyone is familiar
  with this grape's light green color, oblong
  berries, and sweet, juicy flavor. The variety may
  have originated in southern Iran.

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Varieties of Grapes

• Calmeria This grape carries the nickname "lady
  fingers," so called for its elongated,
  light-green and delicately sculpted berries. A
  winter treat, this seeded grape has a mild, sweet
  flavor with an unforgettable tang.

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Varieties of Grapes

• Flame SeedlessThe result of a cross between
  Thompson Seedless, Cardinal and several other
  varieties, the Flame Seedless is a round,
  crunchy, sweet grape with a deep-red color.

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Varieties of Grapes

• Red GlobeThe large, remarkable clusters of the
  Red Globe contain plum-size seeded berries. The
  Red Globe is popular for both eating and
  decorating during the holiday season.

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Varieties of Grapes

• Ruby SeedlessGrown commercially in the San
  Joaquin Valley (California) since 1968, the Ruby
  Seedless is a deep-red, tender-skinned grape.

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Varieties of Grapes

• EmperorLarge, deep-red clusters and a lasting
  flavor characterize this seeded variety that was
  first planted in California in 1863.

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Varieties of Grapes

• Beauty SeedlessOriginating in Davis, California,
  this firm, bluish-black grape has a spicy taste
  and a tender flesh. Beauty Seedless ripens very
  early and shows a distinctive blue-green
  foilage. 

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Varieties of Grapes

• ExoticBorn in 1947 in Fresno, California,
  Exotic's berries are plump and juicy and grow in
  long, beautiful clusters. A cross between the red
  Flame Tokay and the Ribier, this seeded grape is
  crisp and mild in flavor.

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Varieties of Grapes

• RibierThis dark blue-black seeded grape crossed
  the Channel from Orleans, France, in 1860. The
  skins are firm and the taste is mild.

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Varieties of Grapes

• Fantasy SeedlessThese blue-black sweet berries
  are oval, thin-skinned and firm. Fantasy's
  conical clusters have medium-sized berries with
  pale green flesh and a mellow flavor.

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Varieties of Grapes

• Marroo SeedlessOriginating in Australia, the
  Marroo Seedless is a cross between the Carolina
  Blackrose and the Ruby Seedless. Bluish-black in
  color, the medium-large berries are firm and
  juicy with a mellow flavor. 

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Varieties of Grapes

• NiabellThis Concord-type variety features
  thick-skinned, round berries ranging in color
  from purple to black with an earthy, rich flavor.
  

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Growing Grapes In Wisconsin
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Parts of the Grape Plant
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Site Selection and Preparation

• Grapes require full sunlight.
• Adequate drainage and moisture retention,
  required.
• The best soils are loams or sandy loams with
  added organic matter.
• Grapes grow best in soil with a pH range of 5.5
  to 6.5.
• Rows should usually run north to south. This
  allows the plants gather the most sunlight and
  less wind damage will occur.

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Planting

• Plant your vines in early spring (as early as you
  can work the soil).
• Grapes do not like weeds so till the soil well to
  get rid of competing weeds and grasses. Dig a
  nice big hole so the roots can spread out.
• Plant in Spring or Summer.
• Grapes need the summer heat to develop and will
  produce the best grapes late in the season.

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Planting, continued

• If possible arrange the rows in a North-South
  orientation to allow maximum exposure to the sun.
• For backyard plantings, nine feet between rows is
  suitable.
• For larger plantings, ten feet is suitable.
• Water newly planted vines every day.
• Plant in straight rows for easier managability,
  and to reduce trellis costs.
• Spread the roots out when you plant, giving them
  room.
• Once you plant the grape, prune it back to 3 buds

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Pruning

• Before pruning, an average grapevine may have
  200 to 300 buds which are capable of producing
  fruit. If the vine is left unpruned, the number
  of grape clusters would be excessive. The vine
  would be unable to ripen the large crop or
  sustain adequate vegetative growth. The purpose
  of pruning is to grow yields of high quality
  grapes and to allow better growth for the
  following season.

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• 1) After pruning the first winter. The single
  cane is cut back and tied to the lower wire.
• (2) After pruning the second winter. Two new
  canes of four or five buds each are tied on the
  bottom wire. A third new cane is tied up to the
  top wire and cut off.
• (3) After pruning the third winter. Three of the
  arms (A) and the fruiting canes (B) have been
  formed. A cane (C) with four or five buds is left
  to establish the fourth arm.
• (4) A fully formed vine after pruning the fourth
  winter. The arms (A) should be shorter than those
  shown. The vine consists of a single permanent
  trunk (T), four semi permanent fruiting arms (A),
  four annual fruiting canes (F), and four renewal
  spurs (S), with two buds on each.

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Harvesting and Picking

• After 3 or 4 years each vine will produce 12-15
  pounds of grapes (about 45 bunches).
• Wait until they separate easy from the seeds to
  pick.
• Pick on a dry day, wet grapes spoil quickly.

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Diseases

• Like people, plants can catch, spread and suffer
  from various diseases also.
• Here is some information on certain diseases
  along with some solutions and cures.

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Rootworm Damage to Grape Roots

• Species of a leaf beetle
• Seriously damages commercial vineyards
• Larvae (according to the Webster dictionary) is
  the immature, wingless, and often wormlike
  feeding form that hatches from the egg of many
  insects, alters chiefly in size while passing
  through several molts, and is finally transformed
  into a pupa or chrysalis from which the adult
  emerges

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Rootworm, continued

• Produces only one generation a year
• Begins as an egg which is deposited under the
  bark of grape vines, by the adult female
• It will spend nine to ten months in the immature
  larvae stage in the soil feeding on roots
• As an adult, it feeds on grape foliage
• An insecticide can get rid of these pests.

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Black Rot

• Rots fruit/turns it black.
• Leaves covered with spots.
• Use a fungicide.

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Phylloxera

• Phylloxera is a yellow aphid (type of insect),
  which feeds on vine roots and leaves.The feeding
  causes galls to form on the developing leaves or
  roots. The aphids live on the surface of root
  galls and inside the leaf galls.
• There is no known cure for phylloxera.

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Conclusion

• You are what you eat. If thats true, Im a big
  ass perlette grape!
• Hope you didnt get too bored with this LONG,
  but informative, PowerPoint presentation