Chapter 8: Learning

1
Chapter 8 Learning
Watch Learn
Reinforce Me
Think!
Animals Learn
Those Kids!
2
1. In Pavlovs experiment, the dogs salivation
to the bell is the

• A) unconditioned stimulus.
• B) unconditioned response.
• C) conditioned stimulus.
• D) conditioned response.

3
2. Jimmy was frightened by a barking dog. For
the next few months, he was afraid of all dogs.
This is an example of

• A) stimulus generalization.
• B) stimulus discrimination.
• C) unconditioned response.
• D) unconditioned stimulus.

4
3. After repeatedly presenting the CS without
the UCS, the CR will gradually disappear. This
is called

• A) extinguished reaction.
• B) extinction.
• C) stimulus discrimination.
• D) stimulus neutralization.

5
4. Once extinction has occurred, the CR may
return if enough time has passed. This is an
example of

• A) spontaneous remission.
• B) stimulus generalization.
• C) spontaneous recovery.
• D) conditioned recurrence.

6
Which of the following would be an example of
Classical Conditioning being applied to practical
problems?

• A) teaching a dog to wag its tail?
• B) using methadone for heroine addicts.
• C) applying electric shock to depressed patients.
• D) giving alcoholics a drug to make them sick if
  they drink.

7
6. Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced
with monetary winnings on a _____ schedule.

• A) fixed-interval
• B) variable-interval
• C) fixed-ratio
• D) variable-ratio

8
7. In ____, a response is strengthened in order
to avoid something unpleasant.

• A) punishment.
• B) negative reinforcement.
• C) partial reinforcement.
• D) positive reinforcement.

9
8. Even when punishment changes behavior, it has
several drawbacks, including

• A) punishment doesnt teach the correct response.
• B) punishment may result in fear of the one
  punishing.
• C) effects may be only temporary.
• D) all of the above.

10
9. Resistance to extinction is most strongly
encouraged by _____ reinforcement.

• A) intermittent
• B) delayed
• C) continuous
• D) negative

11
10. If you want to teach a pigeon to eat out of
your hand, you would place some bird seed closer
and closer to you until it finally had to come to
your hand. This is called

• A) intermittent reinforcement.
• B) shaping.
• C) partial reinforcement.
• D) continuous reinforcement.

12
11. Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward
because he noticed his older brother does so.
This illustrates the importance of

• A) respondent behavior.
• B) immediate reinforcement.
• C) shaping.
• D) modeling.

13
12. Albert Bandura contends that most human
behavior

• A) is acquired through observational learning.
• B) is shaped through repeated trial-and error.
• C) is reinforced through positive conditioning.
• D) is planned out and not accidental.

14
13. In Banduras Bobo Doll experiment, he
demonstrated

• A) aggressive children will imitate aggressive
  behavior.
• B) children will imitate aggressive behavior just
  by observing it.
• C) children who are non-aggressive will not
  imitate aggressive behavior.
• D) children will imitate aggressive behavior is
  reinforced with candy.

15
14. Research on children viewing violence on TV
is related to their own aggressive behavior in
that

• A) there is only a modest correlation.
• B) there is no real correlation between the two.
• C) its effects are only temporary.
• D) there is a positive and statistically
  significant correlation.

16
15. Based on what researchers have found about
the effect of modeling on behavior,

• A) we can decrease violence in our society if we
  decrease the amount of violence on TV.
• B) we can increase pro-social behavior if we
  increase the amount of it on TV.
• C) all of the above.
• D) none of the above TV doesnt change the
  way people behave.

17
16. After a week at college, Kim has formed a
mental representation of the layout of the campus
and no longer gets lost. She has developed a

• A) visual memory.
• B) perceptual delineation.
• C) cognitive map.
• D) retinal disparity.

18
17. The fact that learning can occur without
reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated by
studies of

• A) shaping.
• B) latent learning.
• C) spontaneous recovery.
• D) computer-assisted instruction.

19
18. The desire to engage in an activity for the
sake of its own enjoyment involves

• A) spontaneous reinforcers.
• B) spontaneous recovery.
• C) intrinsic motivation.
• D) latent learning.

20
19. It is easier to train a dog to bark for food
than to train it to stand on its hind legs for
food. This best illustrates the importance of
______ in learning.

• A) primary reinforcement
• B) generalization
• C) negative reinforcers
• D) biological predispositions

21
20. According to Thorndikes Law of Effect, when
responses are followed by something unpleasant

• A) the response is strengthened.
• B) the unpleasant stimulus is avoided.
• C) the response is weakened.
• D) the CR is extinguished.

22
21. Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may
also begin to fear speeding trucks and
motorcycles. This best illustrates

• A) generalization.
• B) secondary reinforcement.
• C) shaping.
• D) latent learning.

23
22. By pushing vending machine buttons, children
often learn that this action is associated with
the delivery of a candy bar. This best
illustrates the process underlying

• A) latent learning.
• B) intermittent reinforcement.
• C) spontaneous recovery.
• D) operant conditioning.

24
23. For purposes of effective child-rearing, most
psychologists favor the use of _____ over _____.

• A) shaping modeling
• B) reinforcement punishment
• C) spontaneous recovery extinction
• D) negative reinforcement positive reinforcement

25
24 A childs fear at the sight of a hypodermic
needle is a(n)

• A) conditioned response.
• B) unconditioned stimulus.
• C) conditioned stimulus.
• D) unconditioned response.

26
25. In explaining juvenile delinquency, B.F.
Skinner would most likely have emphasized

• A) inherited predispositions.
• B) unconscious conflicts.
• C) faulty child-rearing practices.
• D) a lack of moral values in contemporary society.

27
Answers
Stop here, or continue as a review
28
1. In Pavlovs experiment, the dogs salivation
to the bell is the

• A) unconditioned stimulus.
• B) unconditioned response.
• C) conditioned stimulus.
• D) conditioned response.

317
29
2. Jimmy was frightened by a barking dog. For
the next few months, he was afraid of all dogs.
This is an example of

• A) stimulus generalization.
• B) stimulus discrimination.
• C) unconditioned response.
• D) unconditioned stimulus.

320
30
3. After repeatedly presenting the CS without
the UCS, the CR will gradually disappear. This
is called

• A) extinguished reaction.
• B) extinction.
• C) stimulus discrimination.
• D) stimulus neutralization.

319
31
4. Once extinction has occurred, the CR may
return if enough time has passed. This is an
example of

• A) spontaneous remission.
• B) stimulus generalization.
• C) spontaneous recovery.
• D) conditioned recurrence.

319
32
Which of the following would be an example of
Classical Conditioning being applied to practical
problems?

• A) teaching a dog to wag its tail?
• B) using methadone for heroine addicts
• C) applying electric shock to depressed patients
• D) giving alcoholics a drug to make them sick if
  they drink

323
33
6. Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced
with monetary winnings on a _____ schedule.

• A) fixed-interval
• B) variable-interval
• C) fixed-ratio
• D) variable-ratio

332
34
7. In ____, a response is strengthened in order
to avoid something unpleasant.

• A) punishment
• B) negative reinforcement
• C) partial reinforcement
• D) positive reinforcement

329
35
8. Even when punishment changes behavior, it has
several drawbacks, including

• A) punishment doesnt teach the correct response.
• B) punishment may result in fear of the one
  punishing.
• C) effects may be only temporary.
• D) all of the above.

333
36
9. Resistance to extinction is most strongly
encouraged by _____ reinforcement.

• A) intermittent
• B) delayed
• C) continuous
• D) negative

331
37
10. If you want to teach a pigeon to eat out of
your hand, you would place some bird seed closer
and closer to you until it finally had to come to
your hand. This is called

• A) intermittent reinforcement.
• B) shaping.
• C) partial reinforcement.
• D) continuous reinforcement.

328
38
11. Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward
because he noticed his older brother does so.
This illustrates the importance of

• A) respondent behavior.
• B) immediate reinforcement.
• C) shaping.
• D) modeling.

341
39
12. Albert Bandura contends that most human
behavior

• A) is acquired through observational learning.
• B) is shaped through repeated trial-and error.
• C) is reinforced through positive conditioning.
• D) is planned out and not accidental.

343
40
13. In Banduras Bobo Doll experiment, he
demonstrated

• A) aggressive children will imitate aggressive
  behavior.
• B) children will imitate aggressive behavior just
  by observing it.
• C) children who are non-aggressive will not
  imitate aggressive behavior.
• D) children will imitate aggressive behavior is
  reinforced with candy.

343
41
14. Research on children viewing violence on TV
is related to their own aggressive behavior in
that

• A) there is only a modest correlation.
• B) there is no real correlation between the two.
• C) its effects are only temporary.
• D) there is a positive and statistically
  significant correlation.

345
42
15. Based on what researchers have found about
the effect of modeling on behavior,

• A) we can decrease violence in our society if we
  decrease the amount of violence on TV.
• B) we can increase pro-social behavior if we
  increase the amount of it on TV.
• C) all of the above.
• D) none of the above TV doesnt change the
  way people behave.

343
43
16. After a week at college, Kim has formed a
mental representation of the layout of the campus
and no longer gets lost. She has developed a

• A) visual memory.
• B) perceptual delineation.
• C) cognitive map.
• D) retinal disparity.

334
44
17. The fact that learning can occur without
reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated by
studies of

• A) shaping.
• B) latent learning.
• C) spontaneous recovery.
• D) computer-assisted instruction.

334
45
18. The desire to engage in an activity for the
sake of its own enjoyment involves

• A) spontaneous reinforcers.
• B) spontaneous recovery.
• C) intrinsic motivation.
• D) latent learning.

335
46
19. It is easier to train a dog to bark for food
than to train it to stand on its hind legs for
food. This best illustrates the importance of
______ in learning.

• A) primary reinforcement
• B) generalization
• C) negative reinforcers
• D) biological predispositions

336
47
20. According to Thorndikes Law of Effect, when
responses are followed by something unpleasant

• A) the response is strengthened.
• B) the unpleasant stimulus is avoided.
• C) the response is weakened.
• D) the CR is extinguished.

327
48
21. Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may
also begin to fear speeding trucks and
motorcycles. This best illustrates

• A) generalization.
• B) secondary reinforcement.
• C) shaping.
• D) latent learning.

320
49
22. By pushing vending machine buttons, children
often learn that this action is associated with
the delivery of a candy bar. This best
illustrates the process underlying

• A) latent learning.
• B) intermittent reinforcement.
• C) spontaneous recovery.
• D) operant conditioning.

326
50
23. For purposes of effective child-rearing, most
psychologists favor the use of _____ over _____.

• A) shaping modeling
• B) reinforcement punishment
• C) spontaneous recovery extinction
• D) negative reinforcement positive reinforcement

333
51
24 A childs fear at the sight of a hypodermic
needle is a(n)

• A) conditioned response.
• B) unconditioned stimulus.
• C) conditioned stimulus.
• D) unconditioned response.

317
52
25. In explaining juvenile delinquency, B.F.
Skinner would most likely have emphasized

• A) inherited predispositions.
• B) unconscious conflicts.
• C) faulty child-rearing practices.
• D) a lack of moral values in contemporary society.

338
53
Answers
1. D
2. A
3. B
4. C
5. D
6. D
7. B
8. D
9. A
10. B
11. D
12. A
13. B
14. D
15. C
16. C
17. B
18. C
19. D
20. C
21. A
22. D
23. B
24. A
25. C