Wireless Sensor Networks

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Wireless Sensor Networks

• RCTI Seminar Day Presentations
• Roshdy Hafez
• Thomas Kunz
• Marc St.-Hilaire
• Ionnis Lambadaris
• Richard Yu

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Roshdy Hafez

• Systems and Computer Engineering

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Thomas Kunz

• Professor and Director
• Technology Innovation Management Program

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Mobile Computing Group

• Facilitate the development of innovative
  next-generation mobile applications on
  resource-constraint, mobile devices
• Develop the required network architectures
  (MANETs, wireless mesh networks, wireless sensor
  networks)
• Research into network protocols (MAC, routing,
  Mobile IP, QoS support, transport), and
  middleware runtime support
• Licensed technology to EION Inc. in 2005
  (Adaptive Intelligent Router)
• Research funded by federal (NSERC) and provincial
  granting agencies (OCE, NCIT), as well as
  industry
• Worked with Bell, Nortel, Motorola in the past
• Currently cooperating with CRC, Alcatel-Lucent

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High-Level Architecture multiple WSN, fixed
Core(Examples surveying multiple airports,
border crossings, etc.)
Wireless Sensor Networks dynamic retasking,
new sensor types/data, improved
algorithms and protocols Fixed Networking
distribute sensor data to (different)
recipients, discover sensors and their
capabilities
Sensor
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Core Functionality Clock Synchronization,
Localization

• Clock sync is critical at many layers
• Beam-forming, localization, distributed DSP, MAC
• Tracking data aggregation caching
• Similarly, localization is fundamental
• Routing, security
• Tracking data aggregation caching

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Localization
Key requirements high accuracy, no additional
hardware (GPS, etc.), support fast deployment
(minimum of anchors), range-free or
range-based Another important point should work
well for typical mission-critical deployments
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Localization Cooperative Localization, based on
Curvilinear Component Analysis
Results for Random Network Topology
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Clock Synchronization
mutual, low overhead, compatible withWiFi, WiMax,
Zigbee standards (i.e., based on periodic
beacons) key idea adjust slope of local clocks,
rather than timestamp value -gt converge over time
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Steps Forward

• Defined and evaluated fundamental algorithms
  through simulations
• Plan to implement and evaluate them in a real
  testbed
• Additional research questions
• Localization
• Optimal anchor locations (non-trivial and
  non-obvious)
• Apply NN structure to track mobile sensors
• Reduce computational complexity
• Bound worst-case performance
• Synchronization
• Use external clock references
• Reflect hierarchical network structure
• Ongoing work on fixed-network aspects, gateway
  to interconnect WSN and core, XML-based
  description and discovery, etc.

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Marc St-Hilaire

• School of Information Technology

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)

• Research in planning algorithms (both static
  dynamic)
• How to design new WSN in a cost effective way
• How to update an existing WSN infrastructure
• Organisation (re-organisation) of the nodes to
  maximize the life time of the network
• Research on network protocols
• Routing scheme with different objectives
• Save energy, minimise delay or combination
• Re-organise the route in case of node/link
  failure
• Correlation of events both in space and time
• Clock synchronisation
• Localization algorithm

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)

• Research on data association
• How to follow multiple moving targets such as in
  military applications, border defence and so on.
• Research on data aggregation/fusion
• Aggregate data in order to save bandwidth,
  computing resources, battery life, etc.

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Ioannis Lambadaris

• Systems and Computer Engineering

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Overview Research/Academic Interests
John LambadarisAssociate ProfessorDepartment of
Systems and Computer Engineering Carleton
UniversityOttawa, Ontario K1S 5B6email
ioannis_at_sce.carleton.catel [phone] x1974

• Performance Analysis of Computer Communication
  Networks
• Congestion control of IP networks,
  Differentiated services and Quality of Service
• Resillient Packet Ring protocols and performance
  evaluation
• Resource allocation and Quality of Service in
  optical networks
• Real time packet content inspection engines
• Security
• Endpoint-Driven Intrusion Detection and
  Containment of Fast Spreading Worms in Enterprise
  Networks
• Mobile/Wireless Networks
• High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
• Sensor and Ad-Hoc Networks
• Zigbee/IEEE 802.15.4 networking
• Practical Design for wireless sensor nodes
• Design, performance analysis and prototyping of
  nodes based on popular wireless transceivers such
  as TI/Chipcon (CC1100, CC1110), Freescale
  semiconductors (MC13201-2-3 ), Cypress
  Semiconductors (CYRF69103, CYRF69213)
• Distinctions
• Ontario Premiers Excellence Award 1999 --
  Carleton Research Achievement Award 2000-01.
• Patents 20060089113 - Radio control receiver
  system for multiple bands, frequencies and
  modulation protocol coverage. Authors John
  Lambadaris, A. Elahi and J. Perez

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Topics to address

• High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) systems
• Sensor/wireless ad-hoc networks
• -Node Location Estimation
• -Low Bit rate video for surveillance

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Optimal Scheduling in High Speed Downlink Packet
Access (HSDPA)

• Objective
• -To find the optimal
• scheduling policy that controls the allocation of
  the time-code resources.
• An optimal policy should be
• -Fair Divide the resources fairly between all
  the active users.
• -Maximize the overall cell throughput.
• -Provide channel aware (diversity gain) and high
  speed resource allocation.

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Optimal Scheduling in HSDPA Analysis and
Validation

• Methodology
• -Markov Decision Processes and Dynamic
  Programming (two user analysis)
• -OPNET based simulations for verification

Optimal policy (two user case)
Comparison with heuristic policies
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Optimal Scheduling in HSDPA Further research
-Realistic channel modeling -Packet
retransmissions -Scalability issues -Extension to
more than two users Recent publications Hussein
Al-Zubaidy, Ioannis lambadaris, Code Allocation
Policy Optimization in HSDPA Networks Using FSMC
Channel Model, IEEE Wireless and Networking
Conference (IEEE WCNC), March 31-April3, 2008.
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Sensor Location Estimation Problem Statement

• The sensor localization problem.
• Given a set of sensors deployed in a field, in
  which some of them are anchors and the remaining
  are unknown sensors, we may want to estimate the
  nodes positions of the unknown sensors.
• Anchors Nodes that know their positions.
• Unknown sensors Nodes that do not know their
  positions.

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Sensor Location Estimation Range-based and
Range-free algorithms

• In order to study the sensor localization
  problem, researchers have proposed schemes that
  lie on one of the following categories
• Range-based algorithms rely on computing
  point-to-point distance estimates.
• Range-free algorithms propose solutions without
  the availability of inter-distance measurements.
• Our hybrid approach We will use a range-free
  approach coupled with a range-based refinement.

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Sensor Location Estimation APIT Algorithm
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Sensor Location Estimation Simulation Setup
Random distribution
Sparse Networks
Black nodes -gtanchors, White nodes -gt unknown
sensors
Random distribution
Deterministic distribution of anchors
Dense networks
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A Propagation Model for Sensors RIM (Radio
Interference Model)
DOI (Degree of Irregularity) parameter Maximum
path loss percentage variation per unit degree
change in the direction of radio
propagation. RIM Model Model that introduces
the DOI parameter. Anisotropic model. Radio
variations depend with both distance and
direction.
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Sensor Location Estimation Results

• M200, N40, R1.5 m

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Sensor Location Estimation Further research

• Time varying interference patterns
• Extensions of the location algorithms to include
  obstacles (e.g. terrain irregularities) between
  nodes
• Complexity and scalability of the algorithms
• Extensions to include node/sensor mobility

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Low bit-rate Video Transmission over Wireless
Zigbee Networks

• Challenges
• Video application requirements
• High data rate for high quality (compression is
  used)
• Bandwidth-efficient codecs are the most
  computationally intensive
• Limitations of Zigbee networks
• Low Power (Battery operated)
• Maximum nominal rate for IEEE 802.15.4 standard
  is 250 kbps
• Realistic throughput is much lower (CSMA/CA,
  overhead, multi-hop, etc.)
• Video applications may be implemented over Zigbee
• Using advanced video encoders, video segmentation
  and rate-control algorithms
• Using the multiple channels available in the
  IEEE802.15.4 and using multiple NICs
• Using MDC and multi-hopping over multi-channel
  multi-interface network topologies
• Recent Publication Ahmed Zainaldin, Ioannis
  Lambadaris, Bis Nandy Adaptive Rate Control MPEG4
  Video Transmission over Wireless Zigbee Networks,
  IEEE International Conference on Communications
  (ICC), May 19-23 2008

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Solutions for Video Transmission over Zigbee
Networks

• Rate Control Variable bit-rate over Wireless
  Zigbee Networks (RCVBR)
• Region of Interest (ROI) Encoding
• Multi-channel Multi-radio over Wireless Zigbee
  Networks
• Multiple Description Coding (MDC) over a
  multi-channel multi-interface Zigbee networks

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Summary Research expertise and personnel

• Simulations, traffic modeling and performance
  analysis
• -NS-2 and OPNET based simulations
• Matlab computations for propagation and
  interference models
• Prototyping sensor node/development from concept
  to manufacturing (PCB design, firmware
  programming, RF design)

• Personnel Faculty, graduate students, research
  associates and a group of professional
  contractors

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Secure Wireless Biosensors Networking for
Authentication and Life Support of Field
Personnel

• Richard Yu
• RCTI, Carleton University

Helen Tang and Peter Mason DRDC - Ottawa
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• Military tactical mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs)
  challenge security design.
• As the front line of defence, authentication is
  the core requirements for integrity,
  confidentiality and non-repudiation in networked
  centric warfare.

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• Biometrics from biosensors provide some promising
  solutions to the authentication problems.

Cardio-based
Finger vein
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• Patient/citizen centered healthcare based on
  wireless biosensors

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• A unified framework approach

Sensor data
User authentication
Multimodal Biometrics
Encryption
Physiological status monitoring
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• Research Wireless networking for biosensors,
  biometric-based authentication for tactical
  MANET, biosensor data processing, biosensor
  scheduling and management.