Restless Earth and Varves

1
Restless Earth and Varves

• Layers and Layers..

2
Other Planets?

• Moon, Mars, Venus all too small and cooled off
  too quickly
• Volcanoes do exist on Mars
• No recycling of surface (craters survive)
• Gas giants different composition (mostly H2) and
  have very different geological activity

3
Geothermal Plants

• Use Heat inside planet to make Energy!

4
Canadian Diamonds

• Kimberlite, Peridotite, Garnet

5
Layers and Time

• Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks
• Sedimentary Rocks
• Bottoms of rivers, lakes, oceans
• Layers correspond to events
• Limestone layers common in KY

6
Layers in Rocks

• Trees have rings to count for age
• Sedimentary rocks have layers to count
• Varves from freeze/thaw show alternating
  light/dark layers
• Ice cores used in similar way

7
Green Lake Varves

• Dating by counting is relative
• Banding is dark-light couplet per year

8
Rock Cycle

• Total mineral oxide mass not changing in quantity
  but only in distribution
• Subduction and Volcanism
• Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic
• Devils Tower
• Mount Fuji

9
Igneous Rocks

• Granite, Basalt
• Mantle extrusion (or intrusion)

10
Igneous Rocks

• Formation recorded by types of minerals and grain
  size

11
Sedimentary Rocks

• Various types (from Coal to Limestone)

12
Metamorphic Rocks

• Gneiss, Marble, others
• Very high temperature, pressures
• Recrystallization of constituents