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Atoms
to
Minerals
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Normal Matter is composed of.
Atoms
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But not all atoms are the same!
Atoms differ in the number of pieces ( Protons,
Neutrons and Electrons) that they have inside of
them.
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Atoms with certain consistent characteristics are
called.
Elements
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An Element is...
matter that is made up of atoms
matter that is made up of atoms (or one atom)
that have the same number of Protons in their
nucleus.
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But!!!
Not all atoms of the same element are the same,
either.
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Atoms of the same element that have different
numbers of neutrons in their nuclei are called.
Isotopes
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Certain isotopes of elements are unstable, or
radioactive. (example Carbon-14 and
Uranium-238)
These radioactive isotopes of elements allow us
to do absolute-age dating!
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Most substances on Earth are not pure elements
but rather.
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Compounds
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What is a Compound?
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A Compound is..
A substance made from two or more different
elements that have been chemically combined.
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A Mixture, on the other hand, is
A substance made from two or more different
elements that have not been chemically combined,
and which can be separated by physical means
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Mixtures
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Elements by themselves are much less common than
Compounds, because they tend to combine with each
other to form Compounds.
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Elements and Compounds in their solid form make
up
Minerals
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What is a Mineral?
What is a Mineral???
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A Mineral is a naturally occurring Inorganic
Solid with a definite chemical composition and a
crystalline structure.
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That means that

• It cant be organic in origin
• It cant be a liquid
• and..
• It has to have a crystal structure

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Lets put that in a list format.
1. Minerals are a naturally occurring substance.
2. Minerals are solids.
3. Minerals have a definite chemical composition.
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4. The atoms that make up minerals are arranged
in an orderly pattern (They form crystals).
5. Minerals are inorganic. (They were never
alive.)
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How many different minerals are there on Earth???
Answer
About 4,000
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More than 90 of all of the minerals in the
Earths Crust, however, are made up of compounds
containing Silicon and Oxygen, the two most
abundant elements on Earth.
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And..
The percent composition of Silicate Minerals in
an igneous rock determine a lot of the
characteristics of that rock and the magma that
formed it.
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High Silica content forms light-colored rocks.
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While lower (but only by about 25) Silica
content forms darker-colored rocks.
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How do Minerals Form???
1. Minerals form in cooling magma chambers
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Different types of minerals crystallize at
different temperatures
Decreasing temperature
Bowens Reaction Series
Mineral formation in a Magma Chamber
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Olivine
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Pyroxene
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Peridotite- Mostly Olivine
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Gabbro- Pyroxene and Olivine
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Andesite- Hornblend and Biotite? and Plagioclase
Feldspar
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Potassium Feldspar
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Quartz
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Pink Granite
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Mineral Fractionalization in a Magma Chamber
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2. Metamorphic MineralsSome minerals occur as
the result of Recrystallisation and Reaction
within existing rocks which produces new minerals
in response to changes in
Pressure
and
Heat
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3. Some types of minerals form as water
containing dissolved ions slowly evaporates.
Salt deposits
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How long does it take for minerals to form??

• Minerals in solution in water can form relatively
  quickly when the water evaporates.
• Minerals in magma can form as quickly as the
  magma/lava can crystallize (lava can cool in
  minutes, while magma can take thousands of years).

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Minerals have a
Crystalline Structure
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A Crystal is.
A regular geometric solid with smooth surfaces
called.
Crystal Faces
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The orderly arrangement of ions, molecules, or
atoms, in any mineral determines the shape of its
crystals.
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Although there are thousands of different types
of minerals, their crystals come in six basic
types of shapes
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Cubic
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Orthorhombic
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Tetragonal
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Triclinic
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Hexagonal
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Monoclinic
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Physical Properites of Minerals
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With all of the different types of minerals, how
do you identify them??
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Minerals are identified and classified by visual
inspection, and by performing simple tests to
determine their physical properties
Luster
Hardness
Streak
Cleavage
Color
Specific Gravity
Fracture
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Rock-Forming Minerals
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Only 30 of the 4,000 known minerals are common.
These 30 minerals are known as the rock-forming
minerals
Rock-Forming Minerals.
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Most rock-forming minerals are
Silicates
The percent composition of Silicate minerals in a
rock determines the type of rock it is.
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Rocks that have a high percentage of Silicates
are light in color, and are called Felsic rocks.
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Rocks that have a low percentage of Silicates are
dark in color, and are called Mafic rocks.
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Rocks are often made of several different
minerals.
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Identifying Minerals by Inspection
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Minerals are most often identified by inspecting
their Physical and Chemical properties.
Chemical
Physical
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Color
Color is the most easily observed, but least
reliable property of a mineral for identification.
This is because the color of many minerals varies
with the kind of impurities in the mineral.
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Luster
Luster is the way in which a mineral shines in
the light.
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Types of Luster
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Streak
Streak is the color of the powder left on a
streak plate when a mineral is rubbed on it.
Streak is much more reliable than color because,
although the color of a mineral changes, its
streak does not.
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Cleavage
Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to split in
a particular direction.
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Sheety Cleavage
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Feldspars always cleave readily at or near right
angles.
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Fracture
Fracture is the tendency of a mineral to break in
directions other than along crystal faces or
cleavage surfaces.
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Conchoidal or shell-like fracture
Fibrous facture
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Hardness
Hardness is the resistance of a mineral to being
scratched.
The Mohs Hardness Scale is one of the most
effective tool for identifying minerals.
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