Kingdom Plantae

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• Kingdom Plantae

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Botany

• The study of plants
• Those focused on the study of plants are called
  what?

BOTANISTS
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Characteristics of Plants

• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Cell walls of cellulose (make them slimy)
• Chlorophyll other accessory pigments
• Autotrophic
• Non-motile
• Store food as starch
• Reproduce sexually
• Classified by presence or absence of vascular
  tissue

What vascular tissue is in you?
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Non-vascular seedless plants we will study

• Multicellular algae
• Mosses
• Hornworts
• Liverworts

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Multi-Cellular Algae Classification

• Classified by type of chlorophyll and/or
  accessory pigments
• Form in which food is stored

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Characteristics of Algae

• Lack vascular system therefore must live in or
  near water
• Unicellular (protists) multicellular (plants)
  creates classification controversy
• No TRUE roots, stems, or leaves
• Both sexual asexual repro

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Where do algae live?

• Usually underwater
• Problem w/ living here is lack of light. for
  photosynthesis
• Seawater reflects blue wavelengths the best
  chlorophyll A uses this wavelength the best
• Problem solved by presence of accessory pigments
  that can absorb wavelengths of light that
  chlorophyll cannot

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Phylum Chlorophyta

• Green algae
• Thought to be the ancestor of today's modern
  plants
• Fresh water marine water
• Chlorophyll main pigment no accessory pigments
• Store food as starch
• Exs Volvox, Spirogyra, Ulva
• Uses
• Antibiotic formation
• Part of plankton (which makes 80 of the O2 on
  the earth )

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Phylum Phaeophyta

• Brown algae
• Mostly marine, cool waters
• Chlorophyll accessory pigment called
  fucoxanthin
• Store food as starch oil
• Largest of all algae make huge underwater
  forests
• Exs kelp (over 100m), Sargassum, Fucus
• Uses
• Algin - thickening agent for paint, food,
  cosmetics
• Habitat provides protection for a lot of marine
  organisms

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Phylum Rhodophyta

• Red algae
• Mostly seaweeds that grow in very deep (170m)
  cold, marine waters
• Chlorophyll accessory pigments called
  phycobilins
• Store food as special starch
• Exs Porphyra
• Uses
• Agar - use to make medicine capsules grow
  bacteria on made from red algae
• Carrageenan - smoothing agent added to paint and
  creamy foods derived from red algae
• Porphyra - used as wrap for rice and sushi nori
  wrap

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Bryophytes AKA Mosses

• Starting to make transition to land still
  dependent on a moist envr. WHY?
• Still lack vascular tissue water must diffuse
  slowly from cell to cell
• Need H2O to reproduce male gamete needs to
• swim to egg (cant fly through the airnot
• SUPERSPERM!!)

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Bryophytes contd.

• Divided into 3 Phyla
• Phylum Bryophyta - mosses
• Phylum Hepaticophyta liverworts
• Phylum Anthcerophyta - hornworts

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This is NOT Phylum Bryophyta moss!!!
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Bryophytes contd.

• Lack TRUE roots, stems, leaves
• Root-like rhizoids for anchoring
• Stem-like structures for support
• Leaf-like structures which perform photosynthesis
  and conduct H2O minerals

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Bryophytes contd.

• Environmental roles
• Beneficial in the formation of soil
• Prevent/slow erosion
• Bioindicators b/c sensitive to auto exhaust
  (sulfur dioxide)

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Tracheophytes ferns, angiosperms, gymnosperms

• True land plants - possess vascular tissue
• Two types of vascular tissue
• 1. xylem - carries water and minerals from the
  roots to stems and leaves
• 2. phloem - carries products of photosynthesis
  from leaves down to stems and roots
• Classified by presence or absence of seeds

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Tracheophyte structures

• Roots
• Stems
• Leaves

Why didnt algae or bryophytes have these?
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Roots

• Underground
• Absorbs H2O minerals
• Anchors plant
• 2 types of root systems
• Taproot
• Fibrous root

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ID that root system!
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Stems

• Connect roots and leaves
• Transport food, H2O, nutrients between roots
  and leaves
• May be modified for food storage dormancy exs
  include
• 1)rhizomes
• 2) tubers
• 3) bulbs
• 4) corms

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Stems contd.

• Can become woody develop bark
• Wood is formed when extensive layers of xylem are
  laid down (the rings of a tree) newer rings are
  on the outside
• Bark (lies outside of the wood) is made of
• Phloem sugar transporting vascular tissue
• Cork cambium produces cork layer
• Cork old phloem protects
• Go to page 592

Beavers girdle trees. How is this harmful to
trees?
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Leaves

• 2 main parts
• Blade lg., thin, flattened portion of leaf
  photosynthetic portion
• Petiole thin structure connects blade to stem

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Leaves contd.
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Leaves contd.

• Vascular tissue bundled in VEINS
• Protective layers on top bottom are EPIDERMIS
• Region b/t upper lower epidermis that contains
  chloroplast is MESOPHYLL ( into spongy
  palisade layers)
• Waxy layer this lies outside of epidermes
• called CUTICLE...what does it do?????
• STOMATA are small openings in a leaf that allow
  for gas exchange water control formed by 2
  special cells known as guard cells

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Quick Check

• Which leaf layer is most efficient at performing
  photosynthesis?
• How do substances enter and leave a leaf?
• How do gases enter and exit leaves?

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SEEDLESS vascular plants we will study

• Phylum Pterophyta (our main focus)
• Ex. Ferns
• Phylum Lycophyta
• Ex. Club mosses (Lycopodium)
• Phylum Arthrophyta
• Ex. Horsetail (Equisetum)

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Phylum Pterophyta - ferns

• Over 12,000 species
• Produce spores not seeds like other
  tracheophytes
• Abundant in wet or seasonally wet habitats
• Why?
• Sperm still have to swim to eggs
• Specialized structures
• rhizomes - underground horizontal stems
• fronds leaves
• sori (pl) sorus (sg) brown spots underneath
  fronds
• (hold spores)
• Important source of fossil fuels

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Sori
What are in the sori?
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SEED-BEARING Vascular plants

• 2 Groups
• Gymnosperms seeds made in cones
• Angiosperms seeds made in flowers
• Less dependent on H2O b/c they have pollen -
  sperm that can get to egg w/o H2O
• Also more advanced than others b/c
• They use cones flowers during reproduction
• Embryos protected in seeds 3 parts of seed
• Seed coat - outer covering
• Embryo
• Food supply (cotyledon)
• In addition, some seeds come
• w/ built-in dispersal structures

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Gymnosperms

• Gymno naked
• Sperm seed
• Seeds produced w/in cones
• 4 phyla
• Phylum Ginkophyta
• Living fossil
• Only 1 speciesGingko biloba

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Gymnosperms

• Phylum Cycadophyta
• Palm-like
• Lives in tropical areas
• Phylum Gnetophyta
• Found in desert
• Ex. Ephedra

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Gymnosperms contd.

• Phylum Coniferophyta
• Pines, spruces, cedars, junipers
• Male cones very small (pollen)
• Female cones are large woody (eggs that can
  become fertilized)

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Angiosperms

• Only 1 phylum Phylum Anthophyta
• Seeds develop in ovary of flowers
• Ovary develops into fruit w/ seeds inside
• Divided into 2 groups
• Monocots have one cotyledon (aka seed leaf)
• Dicots have two cotyledons

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Monocots vs. Dicots

• DICOTS
• 2 cotyledons
• Taproots
• Leaves w/ branched veins

• MONOCOTS
• 1 cotyledon
• Fibrous roots
• Leaves w/ parallel veins

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Monocots vs. Dicots

• Dicots
• Vascular bundles in stem arranged in ring

• Monocots
• Vascular bundles in stem scattered

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Monocots vs. Dicots

• Monocots
• Flower parts in multiples of three

• Dicots
• Flower parts in multiples of fours or fives