This is not fear factor

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This is not fear factor. WELCOME TO RESEACH
METHODS!!!! Lecture 1 Chapter 1
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Yerkes-Dodson Law (1908)
YOU
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Psychology Has Many Faces Science, Academic
Discipline, Healing Profession
Teacher
Clinician
Researcher
Understand Research Methods
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Behavioral Neuroscientist
Behavior in relation to the Brain

Strong Background in Research Methods!
Psychology
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Understanding Psych Research
Understanding Science Research Science
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What is science? "the observation,
identification, description, experimental
investigation, and theoretical explanation of
natural phenomena."
Is that it? Is this what science is? whats
missing????
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Who Does It?

• intellectual activity done by humans
• satisfies a human desire
• stems from need to overcome
• ignorance fear

Groups of humans
Passion
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A scientist Finds intellectual excitement in
creating questions and seeking answers
Research brings out the child curiosity in  me...
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Science a process of inquiry
The process of formulating specific questions
and then finding answers better understanding
Basic Curiosity We Ask Questions of Nature
And Get Answers D.E. Moss
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InquiryCan be hazardous to your health
Questioned Outcome Socrates Morals
ethics Hemlock Galileo Church Dogma
House Arrest Heliocentric Darwin
Creation Ridicule Evolution Nat.
Selection
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VATICAN CITY -- It's official The Earth
revolves around the sun, even for the
Vatican.The Roman Catholic Church has admitted
erring these past 359 years in formally
condemning Galileo for entertaining scientific
truths it long denounced as anti-scriptural
heresy.
Vatican admits Galileo correct by the Los Angeles
Times, October 31, 1992
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Psychology the science of human animal
behavior Goal gather an organized body of
knowledge
Psychological research seeks scientific
explanation for behavior
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Top 10top 3 reason that an explanation is
scientific

• Empirical based on observable evidence
• 2. Testable verifiable through direct
  observation
• 3. Rational follow rules of logic, consistent
  with known facts (not based on assumptions known
  to be false
• or beliefs)

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Top 10top 3 reason that an explanation is not
scientific

• 1. Tenacity accept explanation because it has
  been accepted for so long or repeated so often
• 2. Intuition feels intuitively true
• 3. Authority accepting explanation based in who
  gives
• the explanation (respected)

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• Non Scientific Pseudoscience
• does not use scientific method
• but pretends to
• - Leptoprin
• 9 out of 10 Dentists
• - makeup reverse the aging process
• lab coats, actors, anecdotal, testimonies
• No control/selective
• (homework 1)

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Science is based on
Empiricism Collecting data
Rationalism Formulating Question
Skepticism Interpretation of data

• Decarte (thinking)
• reasoning
• rules of logic

• Thales (observation)
• careful observation
• of nature

Documentation - data
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Scientific explanations strive to be 1.
Parsimonious offer the least complex explanation
that requires the fewest assumptions 2.
General can be applied to more than the original
set of circumstances broad explanatory
power 3. Tentative (Skepticism) readily
replaced by better explanation
Occams Razor Do not multiply hypotheses
unduly Choose the simplest explanation!!!!
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Characteristics of the scientific method
Everyday Scientific
General approach intuitive empirical
Observation casual, uncontrolled systematic, controlled
Reporting biased, subjective unbiased, objective
Concepts ambiguous clear definitions
Instruments inaccurate, imprecise accurate, precise
Measurement not valid or reliable valid and reliable
Hypotheses untestable testable
Attitude uncritical, accepting critical, skeptical
 
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What is Science?
1. Immediate solution to practical problem?
2. Objective search for the truth?
3. Collection of facts?
4. Technology?
5. Finished Product?
6. Grows continuously?
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What is Science?
Immediate solutions NO! Science proceeds
slowly Shifts in Paradigms EX Classical
Conditioning Pavlov vs Garcia NS(CS) UCS
UCR(CR)
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Can anything be turned into a CS?
Equipotentiality Hypothesis
Any natural phenomenon chosen at will may be
converted into a conditioned stimulusany visual
stimulus, any desired sound, any odor, and
stimulation of any part of the skin (Pavlov,
1928)
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What is Science?
Search for the Truth NO! Implies there is one
right answer every phenomena tentative...
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What is Science?
Just a Collection of Facts NO! Integration of
data but also theory driven relating data to
principles (theories)
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What is Science?
Technology NO! Immediate contribution to human
welfare Ex The Genome Project
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Sequencing of the human genome the book if life
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Francis Collins Human Genome Project (NIH)
J. Craig Venter Celera Genomic
http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?dbg
enomeprjcmdRetrievedoptOverviewlist_uids9558
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What is Science?
Finished Product NO! One experiment inevitably
leads to other questionsserendipity!
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• Serendipity!!
• Electrical Stimulation of frog legs
• Contraction of the muscles
• Followed up with Animal Electricity

Luigi Galvani (1596-1650) Italian
Physician Physicist
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Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

• Iproniazid
• First antidepressant (1957)
• - Treatment for TB
• A flop!serendipity intervened

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What is Science?
Science Grows Continuously NO! Science grows
awkwardly One direction then another
direction.. Science has a history of fads (style
that interests many people for a short time) Ex
Schools of Psychology
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Structuralism the study of the structure of
conscious experience
(1832-1920)
50 years

• moved psychological study from the domain of
  philosophy and the natural sciences and began to
  utilize physiological experimental techniques in
  the laboratory SCIENCE

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Functionalism Consciousness as well as behavior
must serve some sort of purpose the function
of the mind William James (1842-1910) my
thinking is first, last always for the sake of
doing Professor at Harvard Taught first class
in experimental Psych in US

• moved psychological study from the domain of
  just the mind to behavior
• influence of Darwin - animal research
• applied research (practical questions ie.,
  education, training, developmental)

50 years
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60 years
Behaviorism All other schools to mentalistic
and to subjective not observable, not science
Focus is on relationship between the
environment and behavior John Watson
(1878-1957) University of Chicago Johns Hopkins

• moved psychological away from the mind only
  behavior
• transferred all mentalistic content into S-R
  we only think we think
• animal research (Pavlov. Skinner)
• Against Freud!

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No longer One School of Psychology
Social Psychology
Cognitive Psychology
Biological Psychology
Developmental Psychology
Clinical Psychology
Neuropsychology
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• Group Discussion 1
• Read Goodstein Article
• How Science Works
• -take notes
• answer question via group discussion
• present answers as a group in class
• If you did not read, you will be asked to leave
  during discussion time