Title: Frank lloyd wright
1Frank lloyd wright
- The Latter years (1932-1959)
2After the Prairie House
- Timeline
- 1909 Due to the scandal of leaving his wife and
children for - the wife of one of his clients,
Frank Lloyd Wright has - Difficulties in securing new
clients and closes his - Firm in Oak Park.
- 1910 - 1912 Wright travels Europe with Mrs.
Cheney while - working on having his portfolio
and writings published. - 1916 - 1921 After the murder of Mrs. Cheney
and her - children by a Farmhand at his
house, Taliesin, in Spring - Green, Wisconsin, Frank Lloyd
Wright moves to Japan. - while there he has several
commissions. The most - notable is The Imperial Hotel in
Tokyo. - 1922 Returns to the USA. Designs four houses
in California, - and several apartment complexes
and resorts. The - latter are never built because of
the 1929 Crash.
3Taliesin School of Architecture
- In 1932, Frank Lloyd Wright and his wife started
the Taliesin Fellowship, which then became the
Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture.
Twenty-three apprentices came to live and work on
wrights farm in Spring Green. - The farm was a self-sustaining entity, with the
apprentices growing and harvesting their own
food, building their own living quarters and
other buildings needed on the farm. They also
learned drafting, construction methods, and other
crafts, as well as overseeing the construction of
Wrights projects. - "The fine arts, so called," they asserted,
"should stand at the center as inspiration
grouped about architecture . . . . (of which
landscape and the decorative arts would be a
division)." Education at Taliesin would emphasize
painting, sculpture, music, drama, and dance "in
their places as divisions of architecture."
Frank Lloyd Wright (1931). - Each Fall after harvest ,the apprentices would
then load up trucks and station wagons with food,
drawings, and other necessities and caravan
across the plains to scottsdale arizona, the site
of Taliesin West. The school continued
Throughout his life, having upward to 100
students at a time. Apprentices worked on their
own designs as well as projects assigned to them
by Frank lloyd Wright.
TALIESIN, FARM AND OUTBUILDINGS RENDERED BY FRANK
LLOYD WRIGHT (1933)
TALIESIN WEST - LIVING ROOM SCOTTSDALE ARIZONA
4Organic Architecture
- After his return from Japan, Frank lloyd Wright
gave many lectures and interviews on
architecture. In these discussion he began
describing what he called, Organic
Architecture. This became the theme for the
rest of his career. How he defined Organic
Architecture changed often, as he refined it, and
also as the situation demanded. -
- one that is integral to site
integral to environment - integral to the life of the
inhabitants. A house integral - with the nature of materials
--- wherein glass is used as - glass, stone as stone, wood as
wood --- and all the - elements of environment go into
and throughout the house. - Into this new integrity, once
there, those who live in it - will take root and grow. And
most of all belonging to the - nature of its being. Frank
Lloyd Wright -
- Integral to Site - houses designed to rise up out
of the site as it belonging. - Integral to environment - built appropriately to
climate. - Integral to Individual - Each building built to
accommodate the lifestyle - of the inhabitants way of life and
needs. - Integral to Materials - details of the building
were the materials - themselves
HOUSE RISING OUT OF THE HILL NATURALLY OLFELFT
HOUSE (1958)
HOUSE SITS ON ROCK CLIFF RISING FROM THE SEA
AND COVERED WITH GREEN CANOPY ROOF WALKER HOUSE
(1948)
ROUGH ROCK AND CONCRETE BLEND WITH HARSH DESERT
ENVIRONMENTS, SLATTED WINDOWS PROTECT FROM HARSH
SUN. TALIESIN WEST
TALIESIN, FARM AND OUTBUILDINGS RENDERED BY FRANK
LLOYD WRIGHT (1933)
TALIESIN, FARM AND OUTBUILDINGS RENDERED BY FRANK
LLOYD WRIGHT (1933)
5Usonian houses
- With the stock-market crash of 1929, Frank Lloyd
Wright turned his interest to low cost housing
for the masses. He called these houses, Usonian,
being of the USA. The first of these was the
Jacobs house (1936). - The entire project cost 5,500, this included
Wrights fee of 450. In the next 30 years over
50 houses were built, and a hundred more
designed, on the precepts of the Jacobs home.
These homes were innovated and ahead of their
time, as Wright created homes to fulfill the
needs of a changing American society. Following
the demands of Organic Architecture, each of the
houses were individual and unique. However, they
did have common elements that united them. - Designed on a Module system - Originally a 2 x
4 grid and a vertical grid of 1-1. these were
the size of 1/2 sheet plywood, and the dimintions
of the slat and battens that made up the wall.
Later other modules would be used based on the
site and the materials used. - Deep Eaves - Cantilevered roofs that overhung
and sheltered the walls, shading the house and
Clearstory windows from the afternoon sun - Open Plan - Pioneered the connecting of the
kitchen, dining room, and Living room. This
Reflected the need for the Lady of the house to
be connected to the activity of the house, not
hidden away. - Connection to Nature - Shielded house from
Public, but opened up the private side to the
gardens and Light, blending indoors and outdoors,
continuing the design of the house to the
exterior. - Efficient design of Bedrooms and Bathrooms -
Bedrooms were modest in size, but contained
spacious closets. Bathroom plumbing was stacked
and located adjacent to kitchen to economize on
material cost. - Passive Heating - Use of concrete floors as
thermal mass and large windows help regulate
heating and cooling. In-bedded Plumbing pipes
under foundations to provide radiant heating. - Economical Materials - Used materials that were
inexpensive. Early models with concrete, brick,
and plywood, later with local stones and CMU
blocks. Avoided ornamentation, instead let the
natural properties of the materials provide the
details of the house
STANDARD USONIAN WALL SECTION
BATTEN BOARD WALLS, CLEARSTORY WINDOWS AND
OVERHANGING, FLAT EAVES DEFINED THE USONIAN
HOUSES SCHWARTZ HOUSE (1939)
6Usonian Housing Plans
- As time passed, Frank Lloyd Wright adapted the
usonian concepts from the original 2x4 design
to six general styles.
DIAGONAL DESIGN SIMILAR TO POLLIWOG LAYOUT BUT
BASED ON A PARALLELOGRAM AND WALLS ANGLES RATHER
THAN 90 DEGREES. Right Snowflake House (1941)
POLLIWOG DESIGN 2X 4 LAYOUT WITH 90 DEGREE
TAIL EXTENDING INTO GARDEN SEPARATING PUBLIC
AND PRIVATE AREAS OF THE HOUSE ABOVE AND TOP
JACOBS HOUSE (1936)
In-Line Design house designed for narrower lots,
square layout without tail. ABOVE
GOETSCH-WINKLER HOUSE (1939)
7Usonian Housing Plans
SOLAR HEMI-CIRCLE DESIGN FIRST BUILT FOR JACOBS
FAMILY WHEN THEY OUTGREW THE ORIGINAL USONIAN
DESIGN, BUILT AROUND A CIRCLE COURTYARD. Above
right Jacobs House II (1940) Lower Right David
Wright House (1950)
RAISED DESIGN TWO-STORY DESIGN MADE TO
ACCOMMODATE SLOPED PROPERTY LOTS Above Lloyd
Lewis house (1940)
HEXAGONAL DESIGN Above Hanna house (1936)
8Broadacre City
- In 1935, Frank Lloyd Wright took his concepts of
organic design and Usonian Architecture and
applied them to the design of the new american
city, one that abandoned the crowded, unhealthy
conditions of the metropolitan life. The plan
centralized itself on the idea of habitants
living with nature. each residence was located
on a one acre lot, giving them lots of space to
have a personal garden and privacy. The lots
were accessed by arterial roads that connected to
a main highway, which had a monorail for public
transportation and freight traffic. Public
venues such as government, entertainment, and
recreation were located in one central location.
Wright imagined these cities expanding across the
whole nation and, as current cities were
abandoned for this preferred lifestyle, replacing
existing cities. Though these designs never came
to complete fruition, however, various townships
were designed and built based on his ideas.
Above Broadacre City Plot Design (1935) Frank
LLoyd Wright ONE-ACRE PLOT PER HOUSE
Above Broadacre City Rendering(1935) Frank
LLoyd Wright
9Popular Successes
- During these latter years of Frank Lloyd Wright
life he had become a household name. His plans
were published in home and garden magazines, he
was interviewed on radio and television, gave
lectures, built hundreds of homes and buildings,
and preached constantly the values of Usonian
design and Organic Architecture. Two buildings
however Stood above the rest in the minds of the
general public that made him the great American
architect. - Falling Waters (1935) - Designed and under
construction the same time the Jacob's house was
built there is a remarkable contrast and
similarities to Wrights Usonian Plan. It was
ornate, opulent and costly rather than simple and
inexpensive. Both did have open plans and
Falling Water was integral to its site as a
building could be, truly organic. (Seen on Left) - The Guggenheim Museum of Modern Arts - At first
glance appears very different in style, but
examination shows a very Organic Architecture and
commonalities to Usonian houses. It was based on
the Module of the circle similar the the
Hemi-circle House. This can be seen in plan,
fencing, dome ceiling, flooring pattern, and with
curving ramps for circulation around
Central,rather than exterior courtyard exterior. - (seen on right)
10Bibliography
- Alan and Alan Hess. Frank Lloyd Wright - Mid-
- Century Modern. New York
Rizzoli International - Publications, 2007.
- Drexler, Arthur. The Drawings of Frank Lloyd
Wright. New - York Horizon Press for the
Museum of Modern Art, - 1962.
- Meehan, Patrick J. The Master Architect
Conversations - With Frank Lloyd Wright. New
York John Wiley - Sons, 1984.
- Pfeiffer, Bruce Brooks. Frank Lloyd Wright
Selected - houses, vol. 6. Tokyo A.D.A.
edita, 1991. - Weintraub,Sergeant, John. Frank Lloyd Wrights
Usonian - Houses. New York
Watson-Guptill Publications, - 1976.
Above Tracy House (1954)
Above Pearce House (1950)