Notes 325

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• Notes 3/25
• Essays back end of class
• Quiz Thursday 3/27
• No items today
• What about those boxes?

2
Today
The End of Prehistory!!
World Systems Begin!!
3
Spanish and MexicanSW Environmental History

• Historical Documents Methods
• Spanish Explorers Climate
• Huge cultural Technological differences
• Spanish History and Institutions
• Crown and Church
• Mexican Period (very brief)

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Historical Methods Examples

• Inscriptions El Morro NM
• Diaries, including indirect observations
• First robin of spring etc.
• Governmental records (census)
• Church Records (birth/death/marriage)
• Private estate records (taxes)
• Land survey records/scarred trees

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Historical Methods Eyewitness Accounts

• Temporal proximity?
• Spatial proximity?
• Expert or amateur?
• Changes in recorders?
• Scaled data or opinions?
• 28F. vs. Very cold

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Historical Documents Can They Be Trusted?

• Purpose of document?
• Biased recorder?
• Extreme events
• Budget motives
• Was the witness willing to tell the truth?
• Independent corroboration KEY

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Worlds Collide Columbian Consequences

• Columbus1492,1493, 1498, 1502

Cortez1521--Mexico
Pizarro1532--Peru
http//www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/
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Spanish Explorers/Colonizers of the Southwest

• Alvar Nunez de Cabeza de Vaca

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
don Diego de Vargas
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Spanish Explorers of the Southwest

• Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
• Search for 7 Cities of Cibola
• 1540-1542
• 300 Spaniards
• 700 Indian Auxiliaries
• 1000s of head of Livestock
• An INVASION

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to Pecos
Zuni

• Coronados
• Route in AZ?
• Maps lost
• Documents vague
• Names ambiguous
• Despoblado ???
• Disease???
• Native guides may have been lost
• No longer familiar with AZ Highlands?

Tucson
Culiacan
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Coronado and Climate ChamaRed, JemezBlack
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1598 Don Juan de Oñate

• Lead 500 colonists from Mexico to New Mexico
• Livestock, supplies
• Traveled through Rio Grande Pueblo country
• First Spanish settlement in the American
  Southwest, near Santa Fe.
• Fighting between the Spanish and Native
  Americans--- Acoma

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Onate and ClimateChamaRed, JemezBlack
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Revolt and Reconquestencomienda
tributerepartimientopaid forced labor

• 1680 Pueblo Revolt
• Puebloans organized and revolted against Spanish
  settlements
• Pope-- Pecos
• Spaniards retreated to El Paso
• 1692 Reconquest
• don Diego de Vargas

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Conflict and Climate
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Yalus Question?

• Intelligence?
• Racist
• Technological ability?
• Proximate
• Cold vs. warm climate?
• Exceptions exist

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• Continental Axes Differ
• Easier to share ideas plants across longitude
• Latitudinal sharing hindered by climate,
  environmental barriers

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• Domestication dates
• Early in Eurasia
• Late in the Americas
• Little independent domestication in SW

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• Mammalian Domestication
• Few candidates in the Americas (Llama, Alpaca)
• In the SW turkey and dog only

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• Infectious Disease
• Eurasians evolved with it, Americans didnt
• Germs could invade prior to the people
• Devastating 95 Mortality?

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Modern Homework Disease
Influenza Pandemic 1918

• Killed 20 M world wide
• Infected 25 of pop
• Killed 600,000 US

Most deaths Sept-Nov
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According to Diamond

• Environmental determinism
• Grand-scale geography key
• Eurasians had environmental advantages
• Domesticated plants and animals early
• Shared ideas easily
• Developed metallurgy and writing
• Co-evolved with infectious diseases
• Dominated Americans at first contact

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Environmental Determinism (ED) vs.
Environmentalism

• ED Environment sole determinant
• Equatorial cultures unproductive hot
• Temperate cultures productive cooler
• Racist, now discredited
• Environmentalism
• Environmental exerts influence, but not sole
  determinant
• Culture plays a major role

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More Spanish Explorers of the Southwest

• Padre Eusebio Francisco Kino
• 1692-1711
• Reached Tucson
• Jesuit
• Technology
• Livestock
• Agriculture

What did he see?
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Spanish Presidios

• Military Forts
• Protection
• Indian Raiding
• Livestock (cattle, horses) abundant
• Farming nearby
• Tucson, Tubac, El Paso
• Ended in 1821.

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Spanish Missions

• San Xavier del Bac (White Dove of the Desert)
• Kino 1692
• 1770s rebuilt by Franciscans
• Just SW of Tucson
• Still active church
• Still active farming
• Tumacácori.

http//www.smrc-missiontours.com/
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European ? Native American Exchange

• Cattle, Horses
• Sheep, Goats, Pigs
• Citrus, Figs
• Metal tools
• Guns
• Distilled Alcohol
• Epidemic Diseases
• Writing

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Native American ? European Exchange

• Corn
• Beans
• Squash
• Turkey
• Chili Pepper
• Tomatillo
• Sunflower

• Walnut
• Acorn
• Mesquite Bean
• Agave
• Pine Nut
• Amaranth
• Chocolate

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1800s Historical Dates

• Mexican Independence 1821
• Mexican-American War 1846
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848
• Gadsden Purchase 1854

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Mexican Independence, 1821

• Several large stock grants in AZ, 1820s
• Abandoned 1830s and 1840s
• Apache raiding

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Spanish-Mexican SW

• Historical observations of people and
  environments
• Not without limitations
• Introduction of new environmental facets
• Domesticated animals
• Wheat
• Diseases
• Beginning of grazing in SW