(23 Note Cards Required)

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(23 Note Cards Required)
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Reconstruction
The purpose was to re-admit the southern states
back into the Union.
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Lincolns Plan for Reconstruction

• South shouldn't be treated harshly.
• Any southerner that took a loyalty oath would be
  pardoned.
• 10 Plan- If 10 of the voters in the 1860
  election took a loyalty oath then the state would
  be readmitted to the union.

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Andrew Johnson
A southerner and one-time slave owner who had
remained loyal to the Union and became president
after Lincoln was assassinated. He proved
sympathetic to the South and pursued his own plan
of Presidential Reconstruction.
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Presidential Reconstruction (Johnsons Plan)

• It was less severe than Radical Reconstruction
  and only required that southerners swear
  allegiance to the Union and that
• States had to denounce their secession and ratify
  the 13th Amendment. Once done, confederate states
  could re-enter the Union.
• Presidential Reconstruction allowed power to
  remain in the hands of many of the same people
  who had led the confederacy during the Civil War.

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Radical Republicans Plan for Reconstruction

• The southern states were put under military rule.
• African-Americans were allowed to vote.
• Southern states had to ratify the 14th Amendment
  (approve), which made African Americans citizens
  of each state as well as the nation.

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Freedman's Bureau of 1866

• As the first federal relief agency in US history,
• the Freedmen's Bureau provided
• Clothes
• Medical attention
• Food
• Education
• And land
• Lacking support, it eventually ended in 1869.
• However, during its brief time, it helped many
• slaves transition to freedom throughout the
• South.

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Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

• The impeachment was led by a fiery Radical
  Republican
• congressman named Thaddeus Stevens and brought
  to a
• head the conflict between Congress and the
  president over
• Reconstruction.
• The Senate voted to spare Johnson's presidency by
  just
• one vote.

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13th Amendment
Constitutional amendment that ended slavery
throughout the United States.
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14th Amendment
Constitutional amendment that made freed African
Americans citizens of the states in which they
lived as well as citizens of the United States.
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15th Amendment
Granted the right to vote to all male U.S.
citizens over the age of 21 and removed
restrictions on voting based on race.
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Post-War African American Education

• Often with the help of the Freedmen's Bureau
  and/or churches, the southern African-American
  community established the first black schools.
• African-American soldiers who had received some
• education during the war often served as
  teachers.
• Students included both children and adults.
• Some people also tried to provide blacks with
  advanced education.

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Morehouse College
College founded in 1867 to train African American
men to be ministers and/or teachers. The school
eventually became Atlanta Baptist Seminary and,
later, Atlanta Baptist College. Finally, in
1913, the institution changed its name to
Morehouse College and has traditionally been one
of the most prestigious African American colleges
in the nation. Nicknamed, The Black Harvard
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Role of African American Churches

• African-American churches became the centers for
• African-American social and political life.
• Within these churches, African-Americans could
  discuss
• issues relevant to the black community and
  organize
• strategies to meet the needs of freed blacks.

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Sharecropping
Under this practice a family farmed a portion of
a white landlords property in exchange for
housing and a portion of the crop.
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Tenant Farming
Paid rent to a landowner to farm the land and
kept the crop.
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Role of African Americans in Politics During
Reconstruction

• Reconstruction allowed African Americans access
  to the political process.
• Some 600 African-Americans served in southern
  state legislatures, a few were elected to offices
  as high as lieutenant-governor, and one even
  served as acting governor of Louisiana when the
  white governor was charged with corruption.
• On a national level, a few blacks represented
  southern states in Congress.

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Carpetbaggers
Deceitful Northern politicians that went down
south and tried to obtain black votes for their
own power and profit.
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Scalawags
Southerners who cooperated with African Americans
and carpetbaggers.
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Black Codes
Laws written to control the lives of freed
slaves in ways slaveholders had formerly
controlled the lives of their slaves. Black
Codes deprived voting rights to freed slaves.
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The Ku Klux Klan

• A secretive organization whose members often
• used violence, murder, and threats to
  intimidate
• blacks and those who favored giving African
• Americans equal rights and the opportunity to
• vote.
• Founded by veterans of the Confederate Army.

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Jim Crow Laws
Laws passed in the South after Reconstruction
that required blacks and whites to use separate
public facilities.
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Literacy Tests
Tests designed to keep blacks from voting by
requiring predominantly uneducated African
Americans to prove they could read and write
before allowing them to vote. They were designed
to disfranchise educated blacks as well by asking
questions most people, white and black, could not
answer.
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Poll Taxes
Special taxes passed in the South after
Reconstruction to prevent blacks from voting by
requiring them to pay money to vote.
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Grandfather Clause
Laws designed to help poor and less educated
whites still vote by exempting them from literacy
tests and poll taxes if their ancestors had voted
or served in the Confederate military.
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Rutherford B. Hayes
Reconstruction ended in 1877 during his
presidency.