At the start of Reconstruction, ... and by 1877 they had

1
The seeds of the civil war

2
THE ROOTS OF CONFLICT

• Slavery had been dying a slow natural death until
  Eli Whitney came up with his invention of the
  Cotton Gin in 1803. It had previously been
  cheaper for plantation owners to hire low wage
  laborers than maintain a slave population when
  they were growing grains and tobacco, but the
  Cotton Gin made slavery and cotton a very
  profitable mixture. Plantation owners were
  making so much money after the Cotton Gin came
  out that they wanted to protect slavery at all
  costs. As a result, the North and South became
  very different from one another. The North
  became manufacturing and industry based
  (industrial revolution) while the South stayed
  agricultural, moving to a Cotton Is King
  dynamic in the early to mid 19th century.

3
THE ROOTS OF CONFLICT

• The Northern people lived in cities and worked in
  factories and other businesses. Slavery in the
  North would mean that whites would have no work
  because slaves would be the workforce, so slavery
  was not desirable in the North. There were also
  many in the North that objected to slavery on
  moral grounds, believing it to simply be wrong to
  own another human being. Frederick Douglas and
  William Lloyd Garrison wrote and spoke elegantly
  about the evils of slavery, while others such as
  Harriet Tubman fought by helping slaves to escape
  by what became known as the Underground
  Railroad.

4
THE ROOTS OF CONFLICT

• The South was making so much money that morality
  wasnt a consideration. The Southern political
  agenda was to maintain slavery at all costs,
  while the Northern political agenda was to extend
  free wage labor into the South as well as in new
  states.
• This clash of political, moral, economic, and
  social agendas caused a split between the North
  and South, a condition known as Sectionalism.
  This rift only got wider and more contentious,
  leading America to the brink of Civil War.

5
The Slave Experience

• African-American slaves didnt lie down and take
  to slavery easily. There were two main things
  they did that helped them to cope with the horror
  of their situation.
• The Gospel Tradition helped give hope to slaves
  that one day God would deliver them from their
  misery. Combining African rhythms and musical
  styles with Christian stories of redemption and
  escape from bondage, slaves would spend evenings
  after work singing these hymns.
• For most slaves, having family members taken away
  from them was the worst thing, and they coped by
  adopting any and all slaves into their hearts as
  a way of insulating themselves.

6
The Slave Experience

• Slaves also engaged in actions that would hurt
  the slave owners and by extension, slavery as an
  institution. Some of these practices were
• Escape
• Leaving the grounds without permission to visit
  family and friends at other plantations
  (communication)
• Work slowdowns
• Breaking tools and machines
• Holding secret meetings
• Faking illness
• Setting fires
• Slave revolts

7
The Slave Experience

• Of all the actions listed on the last slide, the
  one that slave owners were most fearful of was
  slaves revolting. Whenever that happened, white
  people died. The fear was that, if the revolts
  spread from one plantation to the next and then
  the next, it might become so big that it would be
  impossible to contain. While no slave revolt
  ever got that big, there were three major slave
  revolts that are worth mentioning.
• In 1800 Gabriel Prosser answered what he called
  a call to arms by God to try and raise a revolt
  in order to attack the city of Richmond, Va.
  Word of the revolt leaked before Prosser and his
  men could do anything, and they were all hanged.
• In 1822 Denmark Vesey tried to organize a massive
  slave rebellion, but once again word leaked and
  Vesey and his men were executed.
• The biggest and nastiest slave revolt occurred in
  1831 when Nat Turner led a rebellion that spread
  rapidly and resulted in 60 white deaths and at
  least 100 black deaths, the largest number of
  fatalities to occur in one uprising prior to the
  Civil War.

8
1818-1860-The Art of Compromise

• By 1818, both the North and South knew that a
  Civil War would be disastrous at this early stage
  of American existence. The War of 1812, a war
  where England attempted and failed to take back
  her former colonies, was only 6 years before.
  America was not a world power yet, it was still
  growing and gaining power at this point.
  Therefore, both sides sought to come to
  compromises that would allow them to maintain
  peaceful relations with one another. The
  compromises that followed delayed the conflict
  between North and South, and never really
  attempted to fix the problem permanently.

9
1818-1860-The Art of Compromise

• The Missouri Compromise of 1820 - Missouri
  wished to enter the Union as a slave state. At
  the time, there was an equal number of slave and
  free states, and Missouri would tip the balance
  to the South. The North said no. The
  compromises allowed Missouri as a slave state,
  but also created Maine as a free state. The last
  provision of the compromise stated that, from
  this point forward, any new state north of the
  36-30 latitude line would be free, and any new
  state south of that line would be slave.

10
1818-1860-The Art of Compromise

• The Missouri Compromise kept the peace for 30
  years, until the conclusion of the Mexican War in
  1848. The Texas territory was annexed by America
  at the conclusion of that war, and almost
  immediately Texas, in 1848, petitioned Congress
  to enter the Union as a slave state. That would
  have once again tipped the scales in favor of the
  South, so the North said no. What followed was a
  compromise that settled the issue in a very
  uncomfortable way, and the South came out of this
  situation much stronger than they had been.

11
1818-1860-The Art of Compromise

• The Compromise of 1850 became necessary because
  the U.S. annexed Texas from Mexico after the
  Mexican War ended in 1848. Almost immediately,
  Texas applied to become a state, which would mean
  that there would be one more slave state than
  free states. The North said no, so the two sides
  worked out the following
• Texas would become a slave state, but California
  would become a free state.
• The Missouri Compromise was repealed (thrown out)
• From that point forward, any new state or
  territory would decide the issue of slavery on
  their own.
• Fugitive slaves would be returned if at all
  possible, with the help of the U.S. Marshall
  Service

12
The decade of the 1850s

• Settlers began to move west to these new lands,
  some from the North, some from the South. The
  idea was that if enough people moved out there,
  they would decide the issue of slavery in these
  new territories.
• Many of the people that moved west had very
  strong views regarding slavery, on both sides.
  This led to an inability to compromise, and the
  beginnings of bitter feelings toward one another.
  In the end, those bitter feelings and inability
  to coexist led to violence, especially after the
  passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854.

13
Bleeding Kansas

• The KansasNebraska Act of 1854 created the
  territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opening new
  lands for settlement, and had the effect of
  repealing the Missouri Compromise of 1820 by
  allowing settlers in those two territories to
  determine the issue of slavery on their own
  (popular sovereignty). The initial purpose of the
  KansasNebraska Act was to open up thousands of
  new farms and make feasible a Midwestern
  Transcontinental Railroad. It became a problem
  when popular sovereignty was written into the
  proposal so that the voters of the territory
  would decide whether slavery would be allowed.
  The result was that pro- and anti-slavery people
  flooded into Kansas with the goal of voting
  slavery up or down, leading to a bloody civil war
  there. Hence the nickname Bleeding Kansas.
  Stephen Douglas, the man who defeated Lincoln in
  the 1856 Illinois Senatorial election, was the
  man who proposed the bill. Ironically, it became
  such an unpopular law that the man Douglas
  defeated, Abraham Lincoln, resurrected his
  political career and won the Presidency in 1860.

14
Brooks beats old man sumner

• The violence wasnt only in Kansas and Nebraska.
  The passions regarding slavery had risen to a
  boiling point in Washington, D.C. as well. This
  anger boiled over in May of 1856 when Congressman
  Preston Brooks became enraged when Congressman
  Charles Sumner called Brooks uncle a pimp for
  slavery. Brooks ran up to where Sumner was
  speaking, snatched his walking stick and nearly
  beat Sumner to death with it. It was 3 years
  before Sumner was healthy enough to return to his
  job in Washington, but he later became the most
  powerful member of Congress as the leader of the
  post-war Radical Republicans. Brooks wasnt
  really punished for the beating but died before
  he could begin his next term. Funny how things
  work out, isnt it?

15
The Dred Scott case - 1857

• Dred Scott was a slave whose owner brought him
  and his wife with him on a trip to a Northern
  state. Scott believed that once he was in free
  territory, slavery was illegal, so the first
  chance he got he went to a courthouse and sued
  his slave owner, claiming it was illegal for his
  owner to own slaves here, so he and his wife
  should be let go. The U.S. Supreme Court heard
  the case and decided against Scott with the
  majority ruling that, negroes are not citizens,
  but property. As such, they are not protected by
  the law. Basically, the Court ruled that it
  didnt matter if the territory was slave or free,
  a slave had no rights anyway, so a white person
  could own slaves anywhere.

16
John Browns raid at harpers ferry - 1859

• Previous slave revolts had all failed, but none
  had ever been led by a white man. John Brown
  believed that he would be able to succeed where
  the others had not. Brown had come to the
  realization that words would never settle this
  conflict, and that only the shedding of much
  blood would. He raided the Federal armory at
  Harpers Ferry, Virginia with an interracial group
  of 21 men. The fact that not one slave rose up
  to join speaks not to the failure of the raid,
  but more to the fear of reprisals by the slaves.
  Browns raid ended badly, with he and all his men
  either being killed in battle or hung within a
  week of the raid. Brown became a hero and
  inspiration to the Northern whites and blacks
  alike, and incited fear in the south that whites
  such as Brown existed.

17
THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION
18
The Seeds of War

• How did the bloodiest war in American history
  begin?
• The Bleeding Kansas, Dred Scott, and John Brown
  cases rallied Northern anger against the South,
  propelling Abraham Lincoln to the presidency, and
  sending the South a clear message that slavery
  was going to end.
• Secessions first runners leave before Lincoln
  takes the oath of office in December of 1860
  (S.C., Miss., Fl., Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana,
  and Texas) after Fort Sumter is taken in late
  December by rebel raiders, the other slave states
  follow, except for Maryland, Missouri, and
  Kentucky (late secessions were Virginia,
  Arkansas, N.C., and Tenn.).
• Lincolns response of army recruitment is
  followed by the South claiming independence,
  setting up a new government, and electing a new
  President (Jefferson Davis).

19
THE NORTH VS. THE SOUTH

• The Union (North) had the greatest advantages
  heading into this conflict it wasnt even
  close. The North had 3 ½ times more men they
  could call up for fighting (22 million to the
  Confederacys 5-6 million), better natural
  resources and the manufacturing and industry to
  use their resources to make weapons etc.. They
  also had better transportation (i.e. railroads
  and roads in general), and more money, especially
  after the Northern banks froze the assets of the
  South, meaning that Southerners couldnt take or
  use their money

20
THE NORTH VS. THE SOUTH

• The South had some advantages too. First of all,
  they had the two best Generals in Robert E. Lee
  and Thomas Stonewall Jackson. The under
  officers in the Confederacy also were superior to
  those of the Union. Secondly, the war would be
  fought on Southern land, land the Confederate
  soldiers and officers knew very well and the
  Union men did not. As well, the Southern men
  were fighting not just to win for a cause, but to
  also defend their homes, businesses, and families
  from the terror the Union was sure to try and
  bring. That gave them a fighting spirit that the
  Union simply was never able to match.

21
AFRICAN-AMERICAN SOLDIERS

• Free Northern African-American men tried to
  enlist at the start of the war, but he Union
  didnt allow them to fight and the government
  never explained why. It wasnt until 1863, and
  the Union had lost so many soldiers that a
  desperate Lincoln finally relented and allowed
  blacks to join the army. 180,000 black men
  served in the Union army, and took part in over
  500 engagements with the rebels. 23
  African-American men received the congressional
  Medal of Honor, the nations highest military
  honor, and approximately 50,000 African-American
  soldiers lost their lives fighting for freedom.

22
THE BATTLES AND THE DECISIONS

• The First Battle of Bull Run (July, 1961)
• The Battle of Shiloh (April 1862)
• The Battle of Antietam (Sept., 1862)
• The Battle of Vicksburg (siege lasted from May
  to July, 1863)
• The Battle of Gettysburg (July, 1863)
• The Naval War (Farragut's capture of New Orleans
  (April, 1862) The Merrimack vs. The Monitor
  (March, 1862)
• Ulysses Grant named Commander of Union forces
  (Dec., 1863)
• Scorched Earth Sherman and Sheridan destroy the
  South (1864-1865)
• Desertions/exhaustion overcome the Confederate
  army the Fall of Richmond (the Confederate
  capital) Appomattox (1865)

23
(No Transcript)
24
Post-War Compassion from an Unlikely source

• Post-war northern bitterness towards the South
  did not impress Lincoln. In his mind, all he
  wished was for the nation to be preserved, which
  the Unions victory had accomplished. In his 2nd
  inaugural address, Lincoln urged the nation to
  move past the memory of the war with malice
  toward none and charity for all.
• Lincoln never had a chance to put his post-war
  plans into action. Five days after the
  Confederacy surrendered, he was shot point blank
  in the back of the head while watching a play in
  a Washington D.C. theatre by a cowardly
  Confederate sympathizer named John Wilkes Booth.
  He died the following morning on April 15, 1865.

25
Reuniting with the south

• Ironically, Lincoln had been the South's best
  hope for an easy reconciliation with the North.
  While many in the Congress wanted to punish the
  South, Lincolns political power may have been
  enough to allow the South re-entry with a minimum
  of punishment. Lincolns death could not have
  come at a worse time for the South. Andrew
  Johnson, the newly sworn in President, did try to
  continue with Lincoln's plan for reconstruction,
  but he did not have the support Lincoln had and
  Congress overwhelmed his efforts.

26
Reuniting with the south

• All regular southerners needed to do to receive a
  pardon and re-enter the Union as a citizen was
  sign an oath of loyalty to the Union. Confederate
  political and military leaders and wealthy
  landowners had to apply for special pardons from
  the President, but those were granted regularly
  by Johnson.
• By the end of 1865, all states had been
  readmitted except for Texas and had elected new
  state governments as well as new Congressional
  representatives.

27
Congress responds Harshly

• The Souths Black Codes combined with Johnsons
  ignoring the issue and still being lenient angers
  Congress. Throughout 1866 and 1867 tensions
  escalate between Johnson and Congress.
• In 1867, Congress passed several laws called
  Reconstruction Acts. These acts abolished the
  state governments that Johnson had helped to
  reform, and divided the south into five military
  districts, each under the command of a Union
  General. The Union army, in other words, would
  be occupying the South.

28
CONGRESS RESPONDS hARSHLY

• Johnson tried vetoed each of these new laws, but
  each time Congress overrode Johnsons veto.
  Lincolns with malice toward none ideal
  regarding Reconstruction had now been tossed
  aside by the extreme position of Congress, which
  was dominated by a group of men called Radical
  Republicans, men who hated slavery and the South
  for tearing the country apart trying to save it.
  They were not willing to forgive and forget, and
  the Lincoln/Johnson policy of leniency outraged
  them. The Radical Republicans believed the only
  way the South would truly change was if they were
  forced, with a gun pointed at them. Most
  northerners supported the Radical Republicans.
  This changed the tone of reconstruction from
  conciliatory (helpful) to punitive (punishing).
  The South has never really gotten over it, even
  today.

29
Johnson becomes isolated

• The political losses had begun to pile up for
  Johnson. He lacked Lincolns popularity and
  public speaking skills. His only supporters were
  in the South, and they were few in number and had
  no political power at all. Re-election in 1868
  was a hopeless dream, and he was powerless to
  stop the Radical Republicans. He still vetoed
  everything the Radical Republicans sent him,
  including the first Civil Rights Act and a bill
  that would have allotted enough money for the
  Freedmans Bureau to continue operating.
  Congress overrode Johnson each and every time.

30
Johnson becomes isolated

• White supremacist organizations such as the Ku
  Klux Klan began terrorizing freed blacks and
  whites that supported their cause. These
  intimidation tactics were intended to keep these
  people from voting or holding positions of power.
  All the while, Johnson did nothing about these
  terrorist organizations, nor did he do anything
  about the newly passed Black Codes most states
  in the south had passed. This inaction coupled
  with Johnsons attempts to undermine Congress
  plan for Reconstruction made the next Johnson
  misstep the last straw for the Radical republican
  dominated Congress.

31
Impeachment!!!

• In 1868, his last year in office, Johnson decided
  to fire the Secretary of War, but there was a law
  that said that the President needed Senate
  approval to dismiss a cabinet member(the Tenure
  of Office Act). Believing the law to be
  unconstitutional, Johnson ignored it and fired
  the man anyway. The House of Representatives
  responded with a vole for impeachment.
• Johnsons trial lasted 8 weeks, and he was
  accused of all sorts of things, even with
  plotting Lincolns murder. Johnsons team of
  attorneys stuck to a legal defense, claiming the
  law was unconstitutional and did not apply in
  this case anyway.

32
Resolution!!!

• In the end, Congress failed to convict Johnson by
  one vote. It was a nasty and unnecessary
  political stunt pulled by the Radical Republicans
  to further weaken and marginalize an already
  battered and beaten Johnson. After all, Johnson
  wasnt able to stop the Radical Republicans from
  doing whatever they wanted anyway, and he only
  had a few months in office remaining with no hope
  of re-election. Johnson served out the remaining
  4 months of Lincolns term and quietly retired
  from politics.

33
Radical reconstruction

• While extreme in many ways, the Radical
  Republican model for Reconstruction increased the
  rights and freedoms of black Americans enormously
  and by placing troops in the South to enforce
  national laws, they for a time prevented white
  southerners from doing many of the things to hurt
  African-Americans that they had been planning.
  The most important changes were the Civil Rights
  Act and the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to
  the U.S. Constitution.

34
The Legislation

• The Civil Rights Act of 1866 granted
  African-Americans U.S. citizenship and forbade
  the states from diminishing for African
  Americans any of the rights that all Americans
  possess as citizens.

35
The constitutional Amendments

• The 13th amendment made slavery or any form of
  involuntary servitude illegal in the United
  States. The 14th amendment offers several
  provisions of importance. The citizenship clause
  provides a broad definition of citizenship (any
  person born in America or naturalized is a
  citizen, regardless of race, religion, or
  ethnicity) that overruled the Supreme Court's
  ruling in the Dred Scott case(1857). The due
  process clause ensured that states could not
  offer its people due process of law. The equal
  protection clause requires states to offer all
  citizens equal protection of its laws. The 15th
  amendment gave all citizens the right to vote,
  regardless of race, religion, or ethnicity.
  Except for women, of course

36
WHAT HAPPENED TO AFRICAN-AMERICANS AFTER THE
CIVIL WAR ENDED

• Limits on freedom Black codes still existed in
  most states in practice. Despite the
  Constitutional amendments, white society still
  found ways to limit the rights and freedoms of
  African Americans. At the start of
  Reconstruction, blacks actually were able to vote
  and were not denied the right, and as a result
  they actually elected several black men to
  positions of power. However, after Northern
  commitment to forcing southern whites to respect
  the rights of blacks began to lessen toward the
  middle of the 1870s, white southerners began to
  enact programs to try and stop blacks from
  voting. Grandfather Clauses, poll taxes, and
  literacy tests were often made a condition for
  voting, which eliminate most black people from
  being allowed to vote, along with most poor
  whites.
• The Freedmans Bureau was a federal agency set up
  to help newly freed blacks get food, education,
  legal help, supplies, and other assistance. the
  Bureau was operational from 1865 to 1871. It was
  disbanded under President Ulysses S. Grant,
  another example of how Grants administration
  abandoned the recently freed slaves.

37
WHAT HAPPENED TO AFRICAN-AMERICANS AFTER THE
CIVIL ended

• Sharecropping was a system where a wealthy
  (mostly white) landowner would give seeds,
  supplies, and a small plot of land to a farmer in
  exchange for a portion of the crop. If the
  landowner required a large part of the crop, the
  sharecropper had no way to survive and fell into
  debt to the landowner. If the crop failed, his
  debt to the landowner was even greater. Most
  sharecroppers were poor recently freed blacks.
  The sharecropper would not be allowed to leave to
  do something else until their debt to the
  landowner was paid off in other words, they
  became enslaved again, this time by debt. It was
  a way in which whites could basically continue
  slavery, just in a different form.

38
The Grant Presidency

• In 1868 Ulysses S. Grant won the Presidency,
  helped by the 500,000 votes that black Americans
  gave him. Despite the support of the African
  American voters, under Grants leadership of over
  8 years, the national government began paying
  less and less attention to the needs of the
  African Americans or to the efforts of white
  southerners to deny blacks their rights. The
  1870s saw a huge increase in racist harassment
  and denial of basic rights such as voting.
  Grants presidency was also marked by scandals
  and corruption.
• The Republicans who had established the new state
  governments in the South were from the North, and
  they were resented by southerners. Many of them
  used their positions of power to gain wealth at
  the expense of the southerners. These men were
  scornfully called Carpetbaggers by enraged
  Southerners. Many Southerners tried to get in
  good with these men, and were seen as traitors to
  the South. These men were called Scalawags.

39
The Democrats regain control

• Gerrymandering in the South allowed Democrats to
  regain political control of as the 1870s ended.
  Gerrymandering is where state legislatures, who
  are in charge of drawing up voting districts,
  illegally draw the district lines in such a way
  as to favor one party over the other. Democrats
  began to win state legislature seats again, and
  by 1877 they had completely reestablished control
  over all of the South's legislatures. With the
  1880 census, they then took that opportunity to
  re-draw the district lines so that Republicans
  had little chance to win. Once this occurred,
  African-Americans began a period of time in the
  South where they were treated as badly as any
  time in their history in America, some would say
  even worse than when they were slaves. This
  didnt begin to end until the 1950s.

40
The End of reconstruction

• While it started out with promise, Reconstruction
  ended in 1876 with the election of Rutherford B.
  Hayes as President. The election was very close
  and widely disputed, and Northern Republicans
  were forced to make concessions to the Southern
  Democrats. The most important concession was
  that United States troops would leave the South
  and the South would once again be allowed to run
  their own affairs. This was the end of any hope
  of progress for black Americans, at least for
  another 78 years. This period of darkness for
  African Americans has left scars still visible
  even today.