Integrated Pest Management

1
Integrated Pest Management Andrew
Lawson Professor of Entomology and Chair,
Department of Plant Sciences, California State
University, Fresno
2

• What is IPM?
• ecosystem based strategy with focus on long-term
  prevention of pest or their damage through a
  combination of techniques, incl

• biological control
• habitat manipulation
• modification of cultural practices
• use of resistant varieties

• pesticides are used only after monitoring
  indicates the need and with goal of removing only
  target organism

• all control methods are done in a way to
  minimize risks to human health, beneficials,
  non-targets, and the environment.

3
Pest Management Strategies Prevention methods
include planting disease free seed, resistant
varieties, plant or harvest dates unfavorable for
pest, removal of overwinter sites.
Suppression reduce existing populations to
tolerable levels. Methods include aug.
biocontrol, mowing or cultivating weeds,
pesticide sprays
Eradication aimed at totally eliminating the
pest from an area usually for newly introduced
exotic pest species eg Mediterranean fruit fly,
Asian gypsy moth in Orange Co, Light Brown Apple
Moth
4
Types of Damage

• Direct damage where they feed on the part of
  crop we use.

CA red scale
Codling moth
5
Indirect damage where they feed on parts of the
plant we dont use eg root feeders, leaf
feeders reduces quality or potential yield
grape leaffolder, Desmia funeralis
6
May also act as vectors of plant diseases eg
Pierces disease, vectored by GWSS
7
And vector human diseases (malaria, West Nile
virus, yellow fever, dengue fever.)
8
Insect and mite pests in California walnuts. KEY
PESTS codling moth These pests must be managed
in most orchards every navel orangeworm year or
economic damage will occur. Pesticide
treatments walnut husk fly for these pests often
cause outbreaks of secondary pests. SECONDARY
PESTS walnut aphid These pests are often well
controlled by natural dusky-veined
aphid enemies in orchards that do not receive
applications frosted scale of broadspectrum
insecticides. They become walnut scale problems
primarily when sprays applied to manage San Jose
scale key pests kill their natural
enemies. spider mites OCCASIONAL
PESTS Pacific flatheaded borers These pests may
cause problems in some orchards redhumped
caterpillars once every few years when
environmental conditions oystershell scale favor
their development. Italian pear scale
9
Sources for additional information on pest of
California crops. http//www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/
10
(No Transcript)
11
http//www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PCA/pcainvert.html
12
Additional resources

• IPM in Practice Principles and methods of
  integrated pest management. Mary Louise Flint and
  Patricia Gouveia Eds. University of California
  Agriculture and Natural Resources. 2001. 296 pp.
• Entomology and pest management, Larry P. Pedigo.
  6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall,
  c2008. 816 p. ill., maps 26 cm.
• Introduction to insect pest management, edited by
  Robert L. Metcalf, William H. Luckmann. 2nd ed.
  New York Wiley, c1982. xiv, 577 p. ill. 24
  cm
• Natural Enemies Handbook The illustrated guide
  to biological pest control. M. L. Flint and S.
  H. Driestadt. University of California Division
  of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 1998. 154
  pp.

13
Host Resistance
Resistant Plant Cultivars - those with inherited
characters that result in less pest damage or
infestation
Host resistance is one of the most effective and
least expensive management tools
14
Examples

• Nematode resistance in many crops (beans, cotton,
  potato, alfalfa, citrus, grape, walnut )
• Phyloxera resistance in grapes using resistance
  rootstock
• Spotted alfalfa aphid resistance in Lahontan
  cultivars of alfalfa

15
GMO Example
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a bacteria which
produces a protein crystal which acts as an
insecticidal toxin. The gene which codes for
this protein has been isolated and inserted into
a number of crops (corn, cotton, rice and potato
(discontinued))
The plant then expresses the Bt gene, producing
the protein and is toxic to the lepidopteran
pests feeding on it.
16
Susceptible Cotton
Bt Cotton
17
Modifying Insect Behavior
Pheromones are classified based on the type of
interaction mediated Eg alarm, aggregation, or
sex

• Main uses in IPM
• detection
• monitoring
• mating disruption
• mostly rely on sex pheromones

18
Most sex pheromones are produced by the female
and used by the male for mate location.
wind
19
The most common use is to attract insects to
traps for detection and monitoring
20
Wing type pheromone trap used for OFM, PTB OBLR
etc
21
A delta trap used for codling moth, pink
bollworm, gypsy moth, PTB
22
Trapping taken to the obvious next step - male
annihilation place enough traps to catch enough
males so females have no mates. Used for pink
bollworms in Arizona with 5 traps per acre, but
hard to evaluate. Estimated that gt 95 would
have to be destroyed before population would be
limited. Un-trapped males just mate more
frequently.
23
Mass trapping

• An aggregation pheromone may be used to attract
  both sexes trap enough to reduce overall
  population

24
Mating Disruption two main approaches false
trail following and mating confusion.

• False Trail Following place out many more point
  sources (low release rate) per acre than the
  number of females
• males essentially waste time by following dead
  end trails

25

• Mating Confusion place large doses of pheromone
  in the field sufficient to hide the trail of
  females
• part of confusion comes from antennal receptors
  become habituated and no longer respond to
  pheromone
• end result is insect becomes unable to orient to
  any pheromone source

26
Examples of pheromone use in IPM Pink Bollworm
(Lepidoptera Gelechiidae)

• major pest of cotton in southern California
  deserts.
• In the central valley CDFA has an ongoing project
  to prevent establishment through sterile male
  release and pheromone mating disruption

27
damage
28

• The pheromone is called gossyplure in commercial
  formulations (7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate)
• has been produced in aerially applied
  formulations including hollow fibers, flakes, and
  microcapsules
• has also been produced in twist tie ropes and
  twist-on spirals

29
Cultural Practices refers to the management
techniques or options which may be manipulated to
achieve crop production goals
Cultural Control is manipulation of the
environment making it less favorable to pest
invasion, reproduction, survival or dispersal
Most often used as a preventative pest management
tool. Good cultural practices rely on good
understanding of crop and pest biology, ecology
and phenology
30
Site Selection Select a site that is pest free
or select a crop or variety that is well suited
to the area. Plants poorly adapted to a site are
stressed and therefore more susceptible to
insects and disease
Avoid planting in fields with a history of weed,
nematode or disease problems or plant a crop
where these problems are more easily managed
31
Sanitation Techniques

• Typically refers to efforts to maintain clean
  fields and equipment to reduce spread of pests or
  eliminate their habitat
• Eg Use certified seed, tubers or rootstock to
  prevent the spread of nematodes, weeds and
  pathogens

32
Eg. removal of mummy nuts from almond trees
eliminates overwintering sites for navel orange
worm
33

• Eg 2 collection of dropped fruit reduces
  populations of codling moth, apple maggot, and
  plum curculio

34
Destruction of Alternate Hosts
Destroying alternate hosts which pests use to
build up numbers on or require to complete
lifecycle
35
Eg. Lettuce root aphid Pemphigus busarius
overwinters in galls on poplar trees Populations
have been reduced below damaging levels by
eliminating poplar windbreaks
36

• Eg 2 destroy mustard hosts around cole crop
  fields to help control cabbage aphid

Brassica spp
37
Habitat Modification
Pest problems happen when conditions required for
survival by the pests are favorable. Habitat
modification intentionally limits one or more of
these requirements
Eg. Draining areas with standing water reduces
breeding sites for mosquitoes
38
Planting and Harvest Dates
Plant or harvest on dates to avoid pests Eg.
Early harvest on costal avocados can help control
greenhouse thrips
39
On cotton cotton plowdown program in San
Joaquin Valley dictates no cotton planted before
March 20. Avoids flight period of emerging
female pink bollworms in spring so they have no
hosts to lay eggs on
40
Fertilizers and Soil Amendments Healthy plants
tend to have a greater resistance to pests, but
over fertilization may create more pests
Eg. Excess nitrogen on nectarines increases brown
rot, Oriental fruit moth (Gapholita molesta), and
Peach twig Borer (Anarsia eatella)
41
Excess nitrogen on cotton tends to increase
cotton aphid, leafhoppers and cotton bollworm
42
Mechanical and Physical Control
Mechanical and Physical controls include
practices that mechanically destroy pests or
present a physical barrier to their infestation
43
Soil Tillage
Tillage or cultivation may kill weeds, disrupt
lifecycle of some pests, and bury disease
inoculum May also expose insects to desiccation
44
Omnivorous leafroller (Platynota stultana)
overwinters in the larval stage in grape mummies,
vineyard weeds, and other trash in the vineyard
45
larvae
Adult female
46
The French plow is used in vineyards in early
spring before new growth begins to bury
overwintering larvae of the omnivorous leaf
roller.
47
Soil Solarization has been effective in
controlling certain soilborne pathogens, many
weeds, and certain insects increases
temperature to lethal levels
A clear plastic tarp is placed over bare,
moistened soil for 3 6 weeks during the hottest
part of the year.
48
Cold storage destroys apple maggot and plum
curculio in apples.
49
Barriers may exclude pests eg.Tanglefoot band
on citrus to exclude ants
50
Sterile Insect Technique
First developed for screwworm fly
(Calliphoridae), a parasite of cattle in Southern
US, Central and South America
51
eggs are laid at the edge of a wound on a
warm-blooded animal. Larvae feed on the living
flesh.
larvae pupate in the ground. Emerge as adults
52
Left untreated, screwworm-infested wounds lead to
death. Multiple infestations can kill a grown
steer in 5-7 days.
Female mate only once
53

• In 1950s USDA developed sterile insect technique
• laboratory-raised flies sterilized by gamma rays
  are spread by aircraft over infested areas.
• As millions of sterile flies flood an area, the
  sterile males mate with fertile female flies.
• The resulting eggs do not hatch.
• First used operationally on Sanibel Island, Fl.
  in 1957. By 1959, screwworms had been eradicated
  from the Southeast

54
In 1950s released 50 million/wk
In late 1970s released 500 million/wk
55
Each tower has 70 trays with 25,000 flies/tray
(1.75 million/tower)
Program has expanded through Mexico Central
America
56
Sterile male technique has also been used against
Medfly in CA, Pink Bollworm, and Light Brown
Apple moth (under development),
57
Biological Control a cornerstone of IPM
There are three approaches or types of biological
control Classical Augmentation Conservation
Proper selection, timing, and application of
insecticides to reduce impact on natural enemies
58
Pesticides in IPM
Pesticides are any substance or mixture of
substances intended for preventing, destroying,
repelling or mitigating any insects, rodents,
nematodes, fungi or weeds or any other forms of
life declared to be pests and any substance or
mixture of substances intended for use as a plant
regulator, defoliant or desiccant (FIFRA)
59

• Selection and use is complicated
• many materials to choose from
• many formulations available
• must know pest ID, life stage, and beneficials
  present
• must consider how pesticide will react with
  crop, non-targets, environment, worker safety etc

• must identify nearby locations and factors which
  prohibit or limit use of certain pesticides. Eg
  schools, parks, workplaces, lakes, streams etc
• pesticide must be registered for use on
  commodity and growth stage you are targeting
• always check label for legal uses

60

• Formulation
• There are many available formulations including
  liquids, dusts, granulars and baits.
• Must consider how formulation affects host
  plant, people, nontargets and the environment

• pesticides formulated with oil tend to be more
  phytotoxic.
• Wettable powders have low phytotoxicity, but
  inhaling dust during mixing is more of a health
  risk
• dry flowables have low phytotoxicity, and no
  problem with dust, but abrasive to application
  equipment.
• longer residual may mean more control, but they
  also are usually more destructive to natural
  enemies, nontargets and the environment

61
Mode of Action
When selecting a pesticide one must consider its
mode of action. Mode of action is the mechanism
by which the pesticide kills or controls the pest.

• most interfere with a metabolic process
• Eg. organophosphates interfere with central
  nervous system (cholinesterase inhibitors).
• Insect growth regulators interfere with action of
  natural hormones
• some cause physical damage
• Eg. desiccants remove waxy coating resulting in
  water loss

62
Mode of Action (contd)

• Classified into groups by Insecticide Resistance
  Action Committee www.irac-online.org
• Eg carbamates are 1A, OPs are 1B
• Identify 28 MoAs plus subtypes

63
Persistence
Persistence is the amount of time it takes for a
pesticide to degrade in the environment, usually
measured in half life. May be affected by
formulation, soil microbes, UV light, pH of water
used in mixing.
If reinfestation if likely, persistence may be
desirable, but usually means increased risk to
people, wildlife, and beneficials Highly
persistent pesticides select for resistance faster
64
Selectivity

• Selectivity is the range of organisms and life
  stages of organisms affected by the pesticide.
• Broad spectrum vs Selective
• Selective - generally desirable in IPM programs
  because they have less impact on NEs and other
  nontargets (including humans)
• they target chemical processes unique to one
  pest or group

65
Selectivity (contd)

• Selectivity can also be obtained by application
  techniques eg bark banding for elm leaf beetle
• Systemic insecticides

66
Pesticide Toxicity
Toxicity is the capacity of a material to cause
injury to organisms - All pesticides are toxic to
some organisms Each pesticide has a toxicity
rating that suggests the relative hazard to
people and other organisms in the environment
67
Toxicity Categories

• Insecticide categories give an idea of their
  potential hazard (by LD50)
• Category I highly toxic signal words
  Danger-Poison. Oral LD50 ? 50mg/kg.
• Category II moderately toxic signal word
  Warning. 50mg/kg ? Oral LD50 ?500mg/kg.
• Category III slightly toxic signal word
  Caution. 500mg/kg ? Oral LD50 ?5,000mg/kg.
• Category IV low toxicity signal word Caution.
  5,000mg/kg ? Oral LD50

68
Insecticide Nomenclature

• Insecticides are designated by three names
• Common name selected by Entomological Society
  of America
• Trade name (also proprietary name or brand name)
  chosen by the manufacturer
• Chemical name dictated by rules for
  nomenclature of organic chemistry
• Eg. Common name carbaryl
• trade name Sevin
• chemical name 1-naphthalenyl methylcarbamate

69
Grouping by Compounds

• The most precise way to classify insecticides is
  by their chemical makeup
• Organophosphates - discovery was associated with
  German work on nerve gases (including sarin)
  derived from phosphoric acid
• These work by poisoning the nervous system
  inhibit acetylcholinesterase
• Examples Malathion, parathion, diazanon,
  chlorpyrifos

70
Grouping by Compounds

• Carbamates - developed in 1950s by Geigy Corp.
  produced from carbamic acid
• These also work by poisoning the nervous system -
  inhibit acetylcholinesterase
• Examples Carbaryl, Carbofuran, Aldicarb Methomyl

71
From Zalom et al 2005
72
Grouping by Compounds

• Organochlorines (chlorinated hydrocarbons)
• Few are currently registered for use in the US -
  mostly removed from market due to persistence and
  negative impacts on wildlife (bioaccumulation)
• These also work as nerve poisons various
  generally alter ion in axon
• Examples Includes DDT, Chlordane, aldrin,
  dieldrin, endrin, mirex and toxaphen all no
  longer available
• Endosulfan and lindane still registered

73
Grouping by Compounds

• Pyrethroids synthetic compounds based on
  pyrethrum a material produced by Chrysanthemum
  sp.
• New materials in this class emerged in the 80s
  and early 90s (3rd gen and 4th gen)
• These also work as nerve poisons bind to sites
  on Na channel
• Examples resmethrin, permethrin, esfenvalerate

74
Grouping by Compounds

• Neonicotinoids (or chloronicotinyls) - a new
  class of synthetics which resemble nicotine
• Imidacloporid (Gaucho, Merit, Admire,
  Confidor, Provado.), Acetamiprid (Assail),
  thiacloprid (Calypso), Thiamethoxam (Platinum,
  Actara)
• Affects central nervous system - nicotinic
  acetylcholine receptor agonist.

75
From Zalom et al 2005
76
From Zalom et al 2005
77
Grouping by Compounds

• Fumigants contain one or more of the halogen
  gases (Cl, Br or F)
• Commonly used for structural pest control and for
  stored product pests in grain elevators, packaged
  beans, grains, etc
• Examples para-dichlorobenzene napthalene
  (mothballs), methyl bromide (phased out in 2005
  due to ozone depletion current CUE)

78
Other Insecticides

• Botanicals not really a chemical grouping, but
  include all insecticides derived from plants
  the chemicals themselves are diverse
• pyrethrum is an example produced by Chrysanthemum
  sp.
• Azadiractins are extracted from seeds of the neem
  tree deter feeding and oviposition, also
  interfere with growth and development very safe
  for mammals
• Nicotine is extracted from tobacco the most
  dangerous of the botanicals

79
Other Insecticides

• Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) mimic natural
  hormones and interfere with molting,
  metamorphosis, reproduction, or formation of
  exoskeleton
• A very quickly growing group
• Chemically very diverse potentially very
  selective
• Examples hydropene (cockroaches), methoprene
  (fleas, leps, beetles), diflubenzuron (
  caterpillars, beetles, flies), lufeneron
  (Program - fleas), hexaflumuron (Sentricon)

80
Other Insecticides

• Microbials - Produced from microorganisms that
  cause disease in insects
• Another quickly growing group with promise
• Includes Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis), abamectin
  and spinosad (both natural fermentation products
  of bacteria)

81
Other Insecticides

• Insecticidal Oils oils work by coating insects
  and suffocating them
• Oil is also phytotoxic, the higher the viscosity
  the higher the phytotoxicity
• Light (less viscous) oil may be used in the
  summer called summer oils volatilize more
  quickly
• Heavy (more viscous) oil may only be used in the
  dormant period called dormant oils

82
Other Insecticides

• Insecticidal Soaps comprised of potassium salts
  of fatty acids
• Work by removing protective wax on insect cuticle
  and may affect nervous system
• Effective against aphids, whiteflies, mealybugs
  and spider mites
• Examples Safer soap, M-pede