The Circulatory System

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The Circulatory System

• The circulatory system includes the Heart, Blood
  Tissue and the Blood Vessels.

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The Circulatory System-Transport

• The absorption and circulation of materials
  throughout an organism

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What does the circulatory system do?(What is its
function?)

1. Delivers food and oxygen to body cells.
2. Carries carbon dioxide and other waste products
   away from cells.

• Movement of materials into and out of cells
  occurs by
• diffusion (from an area of high concentration to
  low concentration no energy required)
• Movement also occurs by active transport (from
  an area of low concentration to high this
  requires energy)

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• In general, the blood is a fluid tissue
  helping to maintain homeostasis for all cells in
  the body.
• Transport of needed substances to body cells.
  (oxygen, amino acids, glucose, fatty acids,
  glycerol, salts, etc.)

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• The heart functions as a double pump beating in
  unison.
• 1. Deoxygenated blood--relatively low in oxygen
• Oxygenated blood--relatively high in oxygen
• Heartbeat is stimulated by an electrochemical
  impulse.
• Pacemaker - in the right atrium - initiates the
  heartbeat

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• 2. Transport of wastes from cells. (urea, water,
  carbon dioxide in the form of the bicarbonate
  ion)
• 3. Helps to maintain a constant body temperature.
  
• 4. Aids the body in fighting disease.

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The Human (Mammalian) Heart Structure

• 1. septum muscular central wall dividing the
  mammalian heart into two halves
• 2. atria thin walled upper heart chambers which
  receive blood pump blood to the ventricles
• 3. Ventricles muscular thick walled chambers
  which pump blood from the heart -- the lower
  chambers
• 4. Valves - prevent the backward flow of blood in
  the heart

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• A aorta F left ventricle
• B pulmonary arteries G right ventricle
• C pulmonary veins H valve
• D left atrium I vena cavae
• E valve J right atrium

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• 1. Inferior superior vena cava
• 2. Right atrium
• 3. valve
• 4. Right ventricle
• 5. valve
• 6. Pulmonary arteries
• (BLOOD TO THE LUNGS
• GAS EXCHANGE)
• 7. Pulmonary veins
• 8. Left Atrium
• 9. valve
• 10. Left ventricle
• 11. valve
• 12. Aorta

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Blood Vessels

• 1. Arteries
• --carry blood away from the heart
• --usually spurt blood when cut
• --all except the pulmonary artery carry
  oxygenated blood
• --thick walled and elastic
• pulse expansion and contraction of the artery
  walls in response to the heartbeat

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• Veins
• --carry blood toward the heart
• --contain valves
• --closer to the body surface than the arteries
• --all except the pulmonary vein carry
  deoxygenated blood
• --thinner, less muscular and elastic than
  arteries
• --depend upon muscle and diaphragm movements for
  blood flow

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• Capillaries
• --most numerous vessels
• --connect arteries to veins
• --microscopic, one cell thick walls
• --site of much exchange between the blood and the
  intracellular fluid (lymph) by diffusion

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• Lymph vessels
• -have walls one cell thick
• -present around all body cells
• -Lymph composition is similar to that of blood
  except for the absence of RBC and some plasma
  proteins.
• -chief site of material exchange with the
  tissues

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• Major lymph vessels have lymph nodes which
  contain phagocytic white blood cells which filter
  bacteria and dead cells from the lymph.
• X lymph nodes
• Valves are present in some lymph vessels--aiding
  in the movement of the lymph.
• Respiratory movements also aid lymph flow.

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Which Way Did it Go?
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Blood Pressure
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• Causes of HBP implicated
• 1. excess sodium intake
• 2. stress
• 3. cigarettes (nicotine)
• 4. saturated fats
• 5. alcohol caffeine
• 6. obesity
• 7. heredity aging
• No cure--may be treated by medication diet.
• "Silent killer"--millions don't know they have it

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Blood

• Blood a connective tissue made up of blood
  cells and a liquid called blood plasma.
• About 7 of your body mass
• About 4.5- 5.6 Liters in an adult human
• Men 5.6 Liters
• Women 4.5 Liters
• Pregnant woman 5.0 Liters
• The Functions of Blood
• Delivers
  Picks Up
• Nutrients - waste
  ? kidneys
• Oxygen, Water, minerals - carbon dioxide ?
  lungs
• Hormones and enzymes - heat ? skin
• pollutants

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The Parts of Blood

• Plasma carries everything
• 2. Red Blood Cells (RBC) gas exchange
• 3. White blood Cells (WBC) fight infection
• 4. Platelets clotting

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Components of Blood
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Blood Composition

• Plasma 55 (liquid part of the blood) Blood
  Cells 45

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55 plasma
45 RBC, WBC and platelets
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Plasma- nonliving

• Yellow liquid (92 H2O)
• 8 nutrients, salts, urea, hormones
• Carries
• RBC, WBC, Platelets, Carbon dioxide, food and
  waste

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BLOOD CELL TYPES

• Red Blood Cells
• most numerous
• biconcave disc shaped
• smaller than white blood cells, larger than
  platelets
• no nucleus when mature
• produced in the red marrow of long bones
• destroyed in the liver and spleen
• contain the iron protein compound HEMOGLOBIN
  whose chief function is to combine with oxygen
  and carry it to the cells

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Red Blood Cells- living

• 5 million in 1 drop of blood (most common)
• Shape donut
• Draw here
• Made in bone marrow
• Live approximately 120-125 days
• Hemoglobin oxygen containing pigment
• Binds to oxygen and carries it to the cells
• Gives red blood cells its red color

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White blood cells- living

• AKA- Lymphocytes or Leukocytes
• White blood cells are larger than red blood
  cells, but there are less of them.
• 8000 in one drop of blood
• Function of White Blood Cells
• surround and digest bacteria
• Attack bacteria and viruses

Pus WBC dead bacteria
YouTube - White Blood Cell Chases Bacteria
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• White Blood cells
• --largest blood cells--several different types
• --about 8,000 per drop of blood
• --most are formed in the bone marrow or in the
  lymph tissue
• --most protect the body against diseases by
  forming antibodies or engulfing bacteria

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Main White Blood Cell Types

• Phagocytes-- engulf bacteria and viruses by
  phagocytosis
• --able to leave the bloodstream
• and move between the cells of
• the body by squeezing through
• the capillary walls

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• 2. Lymphocytes--produce antibodies which clump
  bacterial poisons or bacteria (antigens)
  (antigens--foreign substances in the body)

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Platelets- living

• Bits of cells
• Live for approximately 10 days
• Function of Platelets
• creates fibrin enzyme that helps clot blood
  (tiny threads seal cuts)

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• 3. Platelets
• --smallest blood cells (fragments)
• --150,000 to 300,000 per drop of blood
• --needed for clotting

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Clotting Involves a series of enzyme controlled
reactions resulting in the formation of protein
fibers that trap blood cells and form a clot.
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• Pacemaker-
• Uses electrical impulses from wire leads inserted
  into the Heart.
• Keeps the Heart in perfect rhythm.

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Diseases and Disorders of the Circulatory System

• Myocardial Infarction- heart attack
• Hypertension- high blood pressure
• Hypotension- low blood pressure
• Stroke- clot in the brain
• Angina Pectoris- severe pain in chest
• Sickle Cell Anemia- sickle shaped rbcs
• Pernicious Anemia- very low rbc count
• MVP- prolapsed mitral valve
• Pericarditis- inflammation of outer membrane
  covering the heart
• Leukemia- cancer of the blood, elevated wbc count
• Varicose veins- enlargement of veins
• Arrhythmias- irregularities in heart rhythm
• Endocarditis- inflammation of inner lining of
  heart
• Cardiomyopathy- weakening of the heart muscle
• Hemophilia- no clotting factor in the blood
• Thalassemia- low rbc count, genetic, low
  hemoglobin count

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Heart Disease
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Mitral Valve Surgery
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Aortic Aneurysm
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Aortic Valve Replacement