ECOLOGICAL PEST MANAGEMENT (EPM)

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ECOLOGICAL PEST MANAGEMENT (EPM)

• STANLEY KINYANJUI

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PURPOSE

• To gain insight into the dangers of synthetically
  compounded pesticides
• To understand alternative pest and disease
  control measures
• To demonstrate how to make natural or botanical
  pesticides

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Definition of terms

• Pest Any organism that hinders the proper growth
  of a crop either by physical damage or
  introducing unfavorable conditions. Include
  insects, mites, nematodes, weeds, bacteria,
  fungi, virus, vertebrates

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Def of terms contn

• Management a decision making process to
  manipulate pest population in a planned
  systematic way by keeping their numbers or damage
  below levels causing economic injury to the crop.

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history

• Traditionally pest control has evolved around the
  cultural and physical methods. It has relied on
  the contribution of indigenous natural enemies
  which are abundant in the crop environment.
• Population increase has brought a need for
  increased food production which comes with a
  desire to find improved to prevent losses to
  pests.

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This brought about

• Increased cropping frequency
• Use of high yielding varieties
• Use of agro chemicals, fertilizers and pesticides

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cont

• High yielding varieties
• High yielding varieties are more susceptible to
  pests and this has made it necessary to use
  pesticides.

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Pesticide def

• Any substance either organic or inorganic used to
  kill pests e.g.
• Insecticides
• Bactericides
• Fungicides
• Nematocides
• Herbicides

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Kenya situation

• Kenya imports about 8040 metric tonnes of
  pesticides every year with a value of 70 Million
  US Dollars
• Most pesticides include
• -Copper Oxychloride Fungicide
• -Dichloropropane- water treatment
• -

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• Glyphosphate weed control
• -Mancozeb Blights
• Sulphur Thrips, mites
• Pyrethroids Livestock, mosquitoes etc

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Why pesticides

• Government subsidy on pesticide purchase to make
  them available to farmers
• Acceptance that pesticides are the best and
  fastest means to reduce pest damage
• Dependence on pesticides by farmers

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Problems associated with pesticides

• Most pesticides are broad spectrum and non
  selective will eliminate even the beneficial
  natural enemies
• Resistance to pesticides
• Pesticides are expensive
• Pesticides are dangerous

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Problem cont.

• Some pesticide are carcinogens

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Ecological pest management def

• A pest management system that in the context of
  associated environment and the population
  dynamics of the pest species utilizes all
  suitable techniques and methods in a manner as
  possible and maintains the pest population at
  levels below those causing economic injury or
  damage.

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STEPS IN EPM

• Scouting and monitoring
• Identification
• Pest situation assessment
• Implementation
• evaluation

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EPM COMPONENTS

• Quarantine
• Cultural
• Mechanical/physical
• Behavioral
• Biological
• Botanical pesticides

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Cultural methods

• Includes all agronomic practices intended to
  reduce pest population or damage though primarily
  introduced for another reason

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cont

• Include crop rotation, soil tillage, fertility,
  plant spacing, good sanitation clean planting
  materials, timely harvesting

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Mechanical/physical

• Hand picking
• Use of traps hand weeding
• Use of heat
• cold

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biological

• Use of living organisms to manage pests
• Predators feed directly on the pest e.g. Damsel
  fly

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Lady bird

• Lady bird

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Lace wing
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Praying mantis
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Predatory mite
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Spider
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Weaver ants
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2. PARASITES

• Use of parasitoids
• Diadegma wasp (lava parasitoid)

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Cotesia wasp
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Encarsia whitefly parasite
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Trichograma egg parasite
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Tachinid fly
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Tiphia wasp
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BOTANICAL EXTRACTS CHILLIES.
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aphids, caterpillars, mealy bugs

• Chop 500gm (2 cups) fresh fruits of
• chillies
• Mix with 5 litres of water and
• leave for 24 hours (or you may boil
• chillies for 20 minutes to make tea)
• Sieve the extract and add an extra 5
• litres of water then add an equal
• amount of bar soapy water to
• make 20 litres of water enough to
• treat half an acre and then spray.

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• Precautions
• Use the correct ratio of chillies and water
  because at higher concentrations
• the spray will destroy the crop
• Prepare a solution which is enough for the area
  to be sprayed
• Avoid spraying during hot or windy weather and
  dispose the remaining
• solution after spraying by diluting the contents
  and pouring them in the
• soil.

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CONT

• Chilies
• (aphids, caterpillars, mealy bugs)
• ½ a Kg of hot chilies
• Crush and put in 4 litres of water for 24 hrs and
  sieve
• Add bar soap

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Aloe
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Storage Pests

• Neem or Aloe leaves can be dried,
• crushed and mixed with grain.
• A rate of 1 kg crushed leaves for
• 10 bags of grain.
• These treatment can protect
• storage pests for a period of up to
• 6 months.

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Aloe

• Target army worms, hairy leaf caterpillar, stem
  borer. Bacterial and fungicidal
• -Grid 5 kg aloe to get extract
• -Mix with 50 litres of water
• Add soap

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Coriander

• Target Spider mites, antifungal
• Crush 200g of seeds
• Put in 4 litres of water for 24 hrs,sieve
• and add 10gms of soap

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Paw paw leaf extract

• Target leaf rust, mosaic virus, powdery mildew,
  caterpillars
• Crush 1kg of leaves, add 4 lts of H2o let it
  stand over night.,sieve
• Dilute the extract in 4 litres of water
• Add soap

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Marigold
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• Cut marigold plant at flowering time
• Chop the plants to fill half 50 litre
• drum.
• Add 20 litres of water, cover the
• drum and allow the contents to stay
• in water for 5-10 days.
• Stir the contents in the drum once
• every 2 days to fasten decomposition
• After 5-10 days remove the decomposed
• Mexican marigold particles
• and sieve the extract.

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• Dilute the mixture with 10 litres of
• soapy water and spray.
• The solution is enough to spray
• half an acre.
• 5

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• Extracts of Mexican marigold and chillies can
  be combined and used as a
• spray to control several pests. The mixture is
  more effective on a wider
• range of pests than when each is used alone.
• Mexican marigold can be planted around the
  vegetable fields to repel
• various insect pests.
• The decomposed material of Mexican marigold can
  be used as mulch
• on vegetables such as kales and cabbages.

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Marigold

• Target CBD, Rice blast, Tomato blight
• Fill in drum with ½ flowering plants
• Fill with water and let to stand for 7 days
• Dilute the filtrate with water at a ratio of 12
• Add bar soap

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Tomato

• Target Aphids, Cutworms
• Chop finely ½ kg of leaves and soak overnight in
  2 litres of water
• Strain and add 2 more litres of water and soap

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OnionGarlic.
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• Useful as a repellent against many
• pests if inter-cropped with other
• crops.
• Crush 2 kg of garlic or onions (1
• Gorogoro) or both ( 1 Kg of each)
• and leave in 20 litres of water for
• 24 hours.

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• Sieve and spray or mix with
• any other botanical pesticide such as
• chillies, Mexican marigold or neem.
• 20 litres is enough to spray a 1/2 an
• acre.
• Garlic and Onions pesticide preparation
• Spraying using a broom

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Onion

• Target White fly
• Chop 100 g of onion and mix with 50ml of
  kerosene.
• Let it stand overnight
• Add 2 litres of water and soap

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Pyrethrum

• Target aphids, cabbage loppers, codling moths,
  thrips, white fly
• Add ½ kg fresh pyrethrum into 30ml alcohol
• Let it stand overnight
• Add 5 litres of water and soap

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Neem
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Target aphids, grasshoppers, locusts, scales,
snails, thrips, weevils

• The leaves or seeds are crushed
• or ground.
• 1 Kg of the ground or crushed
• leaves or seeds are then put in a
• cloth bag and soaked in 20 litres
• of water for 24 hours
• This mixture is enough to spray
• 1/2 of an acre

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• The extracts from seeds are more
• effective in controlling pests
• Neem can also be absorbed
• through the plant roots if it is
• sprayed around the plants. The
• chemical absorbed by the plant
• can kill sucking insects such as
• whiteflies and leaf miners.

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Neem

• Target aphids, grasshoppers, locusts, scales,
  snails, thrips, weevils
• Add 1 2 kg of neem leaves to 5 litres of water
  and cover
• Let it stand for 3 days
• Strain and add another 5 litres of water and soap

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Ginger

• Target aphids, hoppers, thrips, anthracnose,
  yellow vein mosaic
• Grid 100g of ginger to make paste
• Add 5 litres of water and soap and stir

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Lemon grass

• Target leaf blight, bactericidal
• Soak 100g of lemon grass in 5 litres of water for
  3 hours and add soap

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Finger euphorbia

• Target cutworms, termites
• Pound 1kg of leaves and add 10 litres of water
  and soap

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Animal urine

• Target fungal and bacterial diseases
• Mix 50ml of urine in 50lts of water
• Sprinkle on the plants

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Milk

• Target powdery mildew, mosaic virus, Blight,
  other fungal diseases
• Add 1 litre of milk to 10 litres of water and
  spray
• Spray after every one week

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Major pests of vegetables

• Kales
• 1. Aphids
• Several species
• The cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae)
• The false cabbage aphid (Lipaphis erysimi)
• The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae)
• Cabbage aphid is a major pest in Kenya
• Cool, dry weather is most favorable for aphid
  development

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Effect of aphids on kales

• Large numbers may kill small plants
• Their feeding can distort leaves of older plants
  and causes leaf curl
• Most serious problem associated with aphids is
  virus transmission
• Cabbage aphid and false cabbage aphid are also
  vectors of diseases i.e. black ring spot and ring
  necrosis

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Aphids(Brevicoryne brassicae)
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Sawflies (Athalia spp)

• Sawflies (Athalia sjostedti ) are sporadic but
  serious pests of brassicas
• Sawfly adults are wasps with dark head and
  thorax, bright yellow abdomen, and two pairs of
  membranous wings
• They are about 1 cm long
• Eggs are laid singly inside the leaf
• Larvae are oily, black or greenish in color with
  a swollen part just behind the head, which makes
  them appear humped

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Cont...

• They look very similar to caterpillars, but they
  have 6 to 9 pairs of pro-legs (abdominal legs),
  whilst caterpillars have 5 pairs or less
• Larvae measure up to 2 cm when fully grown
• Larvae eat the blades of leaves leaving just the
  main veins
• They drop from the plant to pupate in the soil

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Sawflies (Athalia spp)
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Diamondback moth (DBM) (Plutella xylostella)

• Diamondback moth (DBM) (Plutella xylostella)
• It is a serious pest of brassicas and attacks all
  Brassica species
• A fully-grown diamondback caterpillar is about 1
  cm long

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Diamondback moth (DBM) (Plutella xylostella
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The cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni)

• The cabbage looper is a green caterpillar with
  faint white stripes along the body
• Caterpillars are about 3.5 to 4 cm long when
  fully-grown
• As they move, they arch their back in a looping
  fashion, hence the common name looper
• Larvae (caterpillars) chew holes in the leaves,
  and larger caterpillars consume great amounts of
  plant material
• The adult is a moth, 2.5 cm in length and
  mottled, greyish-brown

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The cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni)
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The cabbage webworm (Hellula undalis)

• Caterpillars are 1.5 cm when fully-grown,
  creamy-white in color with brown stripes along
  the body and a brown head
• Caterpillars feed on leaves, petioles, growing
  points, and stems

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The cabbage webworm (Hellula undalis)
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The cabbage moth (Crocidolomia pavonana
(binotalis))

• Cabbage moth larva When fully grown (1.6-1.9 cm
  long)
• Larvae move to pupate in the soil
• The pupal stage lasts about 10 days
• An important pest of cabbage and kales
• Mature caterpillars measure 1.2-1.6 cm in length
• Caterpillars are found in groups

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Cont...

• Young caterpillars chew off top leaf surfaces
• Older caterpillars feed under a web of silk on
  young leaves, petioles and growing point of the
  plant, often damaging it entirely.

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Cabbage moth (Crocidolomia pavonana (binotalis)
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The Bagrada bug (Bagrada hilaris)

• Typically shield-shaped, 5-7mm long and 3-4mm
  wide
• Upper surface has a mixture of black, white and
  orange markings
• Feed by sucking by both adults and nymphs causes
  damage to leaves, which wilt later and dry
• A heavy attack on young plants generally results
  in death of the plant

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Bagrada bug (Bagrada hilaris)
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Cutworms (Agrotis spp)

• Cutworms cut the stem of plants below the soil
  surface
• Damaged plant wilts and withers
• First instars are 0.7-1 cm, later instars are
  3.5-5 cm long

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Cutworms (Agrotis spp)
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Leafminer, Leafmining flies (Lyriomiza brassicae)

• Leafminers are small flies, 1.3-1.6 mm in length
• Maggots of leafmining flies cause mines while
  feeding within the leaf
• Small, individual leafminers do not produce much
  damage, but when larvae occur in large numbers,
  entire leaves can be eaten out
• Heavy attacks on seedlings weaken them and may
  result in dying off of young plants

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Leafminer, Leafmining flies (Lyriomiza brassicae)
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Thrips (Thrips tabaci Frankliniella spp)

• Thrips feeding on cabbage cause rough bronzed
  blisters on leaves inside the cabbage head
• They are less than 2 mm long

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Thrips (Thrips tabaci Frankliniella spp)
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Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci, Trialeurodes
vaporariorum and Aleyrodes proletella)

• Whiteflies feed on brassicas
• Adult whiteflies are about 1 mm long

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Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci, Trialeurodes
vaporariorum and Aleyrodes proletella)
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THE END.THANKYOU!

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