The Industrial Revolution Begins

1
The Industrial Revolution Begins

• 1750-1850
• By Ricardo Guevara

2
Section 1 Dawn of the Industrial Revolution

• Industrial Revolution began in Britain and soon
  spread across the world.
• It was viewed as a turning point in history
  changing the way people lived, worked, and
  thought of life.
• An energy revolution triggered the beginning of
  the Industrial Revolution.

3
Why a turning point in history?

• During the 1700s, people worked on land, lived in
  cottages, and had no electricity.
• With the growing number of people, the rural way
  of life disappeared.
• New jobs were offered because factories were
  built and people traveled by train or steamship.
• New advances in technology, science, medicine,
  and agriculture arose.

4
The Agricultural Revolution

• The Dutch led the Agricultural Revolution.
• They began using fertilizers and built earthen
  walls.
• British then began experimenting and came up with
  new easier farming techniques.
• Landowners took part in the technique enclosure,
  which they fenced off land previously owned by
  peasants.
• With enclosure, profits rose and more crops were
  grown.
• Small farmers were forced to move into cities to
  find new jobs.

5
Rise in Population

• The Agricultural Revolution caused the population
  to rise.
• The population of Europe rose from 120 million to
  190 million in just 70 years.
• This growth was due to the fact that less people
  were starving because they had more crops.
• People ate healthier, hygiene was improved, and
  medical care improved.

6
Another Trigger

• A third trigger of the Industrial Revolution was
  the energy revolution.
• Water mills and windmills were invented.
• People also found ways to use coal as a source of
  energy.

7
Section 2 Britain Leads the Way

• Britain began the industrial revolution because
  they had natural resources, human resources,
  political and social conditions, and economic
  conditions.
• New technologies in the iron industry were key to
  the Industrial Revolution.
• Textiles were improved, more factories were
  built, and new inventions were made.
• Transportation was improved both on land and sea.

8
Why did it begin in Britain?

• Britain had a large amount of coal to power steam
  engines and iron.
• With the many people fleeing from their farmlands
  and moving into the cities, Britains factories
  had a large amount of people that could work.
• Britain was a very wealthy nation.
• Britain had a stable government who supported
  economic growth.

9
The Need for Iron and Coal

• Iron was needed for machines and steam engines.
• The Darby family developed Britains iron
  industry and also produced better quality and
  cheaper iron.

10
The Growth in Factories

• More factories were built.
• John Kay invented a machine that could weave
  cotton quicker.
• James Hargreaves invented a machine called the
  spinning jenny that would weave the cotton into
  thread.
• These machines were placed into factories and
  made working easier.

11
The Revolution of Transportation

• There were major transportation changes on both
  sea and land.
• Turnpikes, or privately built roads that charged
  a fee to travelers who used them, were built.
• The steam locomotive was a very important
  invention in that it could transport a large
  amount of goods and people from one place to
  another.
• Others applied steam power to improve ships.

12
Sections 3 Hardships of Early Industrial Life

• The Industrial Revolution brought new changes to
  lifestyles for the people of the age.
  Urbanization occurred and new problems arose.
• Massive work was completed in a new system of
  factories causing the need for several thousands
  of workers.
• Along with men, women and children were forced to
  manage machinery. Long hours, short breaks, poor
  ventilation, and no chance of worker protest was
  an all too ordinary day for a worker during the
  beginning of this era.

13
The Factory System

• Massive needs of factories forced the creation of
  cities housing workers, exploding almost
  overnight
• Women and children were forced to work to support
  their families. They were smaller than men and
  could be paid lower amounts than the men.
• Work hours were long usually ranging from 12 to
  16 hours. This caused horrid conditions.
• Reforms were hard to accomplish during the era,
  slowly, however, Parliament introduced reforms.

14
Working Class

• Former farmers became the new workers in
  factories. They were forced to horrid conditions.
• When machines started being used, artisans and
  skilled workers began using jobs. This caused
  riots, with people destroying machines and laying
  holocaust to factories. Labor unions were
  eventually forbidden and outlawed for several
  years.
• John Wesley set up the Methodist Church in the
  mid-1700s. Methodism preached of forgiveness and
  comfort, this being opportune for the new group
  of seriously mistreated workers.

15
Middle Class

• This class arose from entrepreneurs, artisans who
  figured how to accomplish things faster, and some
  who rose from nothing.
• These families dressed in the styles of the day
  and ladies conformed to the ideas of the day.
• The middle class worked hard, and valued getting
  ahead.

16
Benefits and Problems

• Urbanization caused new cities to form almost
  over night, causing influxes of people in small
  areas.
• Low pay, bad working conditions, long hours, and
  most of the family working were characteristic to
  most workers of the age.
• The Industrial Revolution allowed for extra money
  however, and allowed for slight enjoyment by
  allowing poorer people to afford newspapers, or
  train rides.

17
Section 4New Ways of Thinking

• Laissez-Faire, the belief that governments should
  not interfere with the economy, was embraced by
  business people of the time.
• Utilitarianism, the belief that the goal of
  society is to bring the greatest amount of
  happiness to the greatest number of people.
• Socialism, Marxism, and Communism ideas were
  considered during the time, due to the
  fluctuation in the amount of workers.

18
Laissez-Faire

• The belief that governments should not interfere
  with the economy was preached by the likes of
  Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, and David Ricardo.
• Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations, and
  theorized that free market, would eventually help
  everyone.
• Thomas Malthus believed that to deal with future
  food shortages, population would have to be
  controlled.
• David Ricardo believed that more children led to
  lower wages, theorizing that the poor could never
  escape poverty. Higher wages more children
  more labor and less jobs less money.

19
Utilitarianism and Socialism

• Jeremy Bentham preached Utilitarianism, the
  belief that the goal of society is to bring the
  greatest amount of happiness to the greatest
  number of people.
• His followers, such as John Stuart Mill, believed
  actions were right if they caused happiness and
  wrong if they caused pain.
• Socialism, the concept of everyone being equal,
  with no property ownership, with the community
  owning everything jointly, arose.
• Utopian societies, where socialism was practiced
  arose, like Robert Owens New Lanark.

20
Karl Marx

• Karl Marx, a German philosopher, and Friedrich
  Engels, published The Communist Manifesto.
  Communism is a form of socialism which sees the
  eventual clash of employees and employers.
• Marx divided people into different groups, the
  working class was called the proletariats or
  have-nots, and the wealthy groups were called the
  haves, who possessed most of the power and
  luxuries. The two have clashed over the
  centuries.
• Marx hoped for a world revolution, calling all
  proletariats to rise up against the have-nots.
  People however, had more connections and loyalty
  to their connections then to a world revolution.

21
Regents Questions

• 1. Which condition is most necessary to the
  process of industrialization in a
  society?1. dependence on subsistence
  agriculture  2. creation of a one-crop economy
   3. availability of investment capital
   4. capture of foreign lands
• 2. According to Karl Marx, history is the record
  of the1. granting of more political liberties
  to all people  2. struggle between classes in
  society  3. wars and conflicts between national
  leaders  4. increasing prosperity brought about
  by industrialization

22
Regents Questions

• 3. A main idea of Karl Marx and Friedrich
  Engles Communist Manifesto is that the
  proletariat1. would need foreign help to
  achieve its revolutionary ends  2. had to
  cooperate with the capitalists to gain economic
  rewards  3. should allow the capitalists to
  control the means of production  4. must unite
  to overthrow the capitalist class
• 4. Revolution will occur more and more
  frequently in the industrialized nations as the
  proletariat struggles to overcome the abuses of
  the capitalist system.This quotation reflects
  the ideas of1. Charles Darwin  2. Karl Marx
   3. Niccolo Machiavelli  4. John Locke

23
Regents Questions

• 5. The proletarians have nothing to lose but
  their chainsWorkers of the world, unite!This
  statement was made in response to conditions
  resulting from the1. Protestant Reformation
   2. Counter-Reformation  3. Commercial
  Revolution  4. Industrial Revolution

24
Answers

• 1. Which condition is most necessary to the
  process of industrialization in a society?
• Answer 3 (availability of investment capital)
• 2. According to Karl Marx, history is the record
  of the
• Answer 2 (struggle between classes in society)
• 3. A main idea of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles
  Communist Manifesto is that the proletariat
• Answer 4 (must unite to overthrow the
  capitalist class)
• 4. Revolution will occur more and more
  frequently in the industrialized nations as the
  proletariat struggles to overcome the abuses of
  the capitalist system.
• Answer 2 (Karl Marx)
• 5. The proletarians have nothing to lose but
  their chainsWorkers of the world, unite!
• Answer 4 (Industrial Revolution)