Dennis Gabor the inventor of holography

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Dennis Gabor the inventor of holography
By Andrei Nesterovitch Stephen F. Austin State
University BIO 575 Instructor Dr. Alexandra Van
Kley Fall 2003
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WHAT IS HOLOGRAPHY?
Encyclopedia Britannica Date 1964 the art
or process of making or using a hologram
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WHAT IS HOLOGRAM?
Encyclopedia Britannica Date 1949 a
three-dimensional image reproduced from a pattern
of interference produced by a split coherent beam
of radiation (as a laser) also the pattern of
interference itself
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WHAT IS HOLOGRAPHY?

• Although often compared with photography,
  holography is really a completely different
  medium.
• Traditional Pictures Have No 'Depth
• When we look at a photograph and move it from
  side to side, we are unable to see around' the
  scene or perceive any depth. Likewise, we cannot
  see over or under the image.
• Multiple Views Create '3D Effect'A hologram is
  also flat, but the image captured by the hologram
  is not. When we look at a hologram and move it
  from side to side, we can see many different
  views of the scene. We can also look behind
  foreground elements to see things in the
  background.

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WHAT IS HOLOGRAPHY?

• Holograms Appear to 'Leap Off' the FilmAnother
  difference between holograms and photographs is
  that holographers can position their images to
  project off' or float over' the surface of the
  film. A viewer can reach out and put his hand
  right through the apparently solid image.

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WHAT IS HOLOGRAPHY?
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The biography of Dennis Gabor (1900-1979) "You
can't predict the future, but you can invent it."
- Dennis Gabor
D. Gabor was born in Budapest, Hungary, and his
life-long love of physics started suddenly at the
age of 15. He learned the calculus and worked
through the textbook in the next two years. With
his late brother George, they also built up a
little laboratory in their home, where they could
repeat most experiments which were modern at that
time, such as wireless X-rays and radioactivity.
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The biography of Dennis Gabor
He acquired his degrees in electrical engineering
in High Technical School, Berlin (Diploma in
1924, Dr-Ing. in 1927). Though electrical
engineering remained his profession, his work was
almost always in applied physics. His doctorate
work was the development of one of the first high
speed cathode ray oscillographs. In 1927 D.
Gabor joined the Siemens Halske AG where he
made his first successful inventions the high
pressure quartz mercury lamp with superheated
vapor and the molybdenum tape seal, since used in
millions of street lamps. In 1933, when Hitler
came to power, Gabor left Germany and after a
short period in Hungary went to England, where
obtained employment with the British
Thomson-Houston Co., Rugby.
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The biography of Dennis Gabor
The years after the war were the most fruitful.
He wrote, among many others, his first papers on
communication theory, developed a system of
stereoscopic cinematography, and in 1948 carried
out the basic experiments in holography, at that
time called "wavefront reconstruction". Then,
until his retirement in 1967, he improved Wilson
chamber, developed holographic microscope, a new
electron-velocity spectroscope, flat thin color
television tube. Theoretical work included
communication theory, plasma theory, magnetron
theory.
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The biography of Dennis Gabor
In 1971 Dr. Dennis Gabor was awarded the Nobel
Prize in Physics for his discovery of holography
in 1947. But, in his own words We had
started 20 years too early. Only in recent years
have certain auxiliary techniques developed to
the point when electron holography could become a
success. On the other hand, optical holography
has become a world success after the invention
and introduction of the laser.
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The history of holography
Gabor coined the term hologram from the Greek
words holos, meaning "whole," and gramma, meaning
"message". The term holography is from Greek
words holos and grapho write, that means
complete record of the image. Gabor's holography
was limited to film transparencies using a
mercury arc lamp as the light source. His
holograms contained distortions and an extraneous
twin image. Further development in the field
was stymied during the next decade because light
sources available at the time were not truly
"coherent" (monochromatic or one-color, from a
single point, and of a single wavelength).
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The history of holography
This barrier was overcome in 1960 with the
invention of the laser, whose pure, intense light
was ideal for making holograms. Laser (light
amplification by stimulated emission of
radiation) was invented by Nikolai Bassov,
Alexander Prokhorov and Charles Townes (all
became in 1964 Noble Prize winners).
Nikolai Bassov
Alexander Prokhorov
Charles Townes
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The history of holography
In 1962 Emmett Leith and Juris Upatnieks of the
University of Michigan recognized from their work
in side-reading radar that holography could be
used as a 3-D visual medium. In 1962 they read
Gabor's paper and "simply out of curiosity"
decided to duplicate Gabor's technique using the
laser and an off-axis technique borrowed from
their work in the development of side-reading
radar. The result was the first laser
transmission hologram of 3-D objects (a toy train
and bird).
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The history of holography
Also in 1962 Dr. Yuri Denisyuk combined
holography with 1908 Nobel Laureate Gabriel
Lippmann's work in natural color photography.
Denisyuk's approach produced a white-light
reflection hologram which, for the first time,
could be viewed in light from an ordinary
incandescent light bulb.       Russian
scientist Yuri N. Denisyuk, State Optical
Institute in Leningrad, USSR, signing a copy of
his book, Fundamentals of Holography. (Photo by
Dr. Stephen Benton, 1979)
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The history of holography
In 1967, Larry Siebert of the Conductron
Corporation used a pulsed laser that he designed
to make the first hologram of a person. The
Conductron Corporation (later acquired by
McDonnell Douglas Electronics Corporation) played
an important role in the early days of commercial
display holography.
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The history of holography
A major advance in display holography occurred in
1968 when Dr. Stephen A. Benton invented
white-light transmission holography while
researching holographic television at Polaroid
Research Laboratories. This type of hologram can
be viewed in ordinary white light creating a
"rainbow" image from the seven colors which make
up white light.
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The history of holography
In 1972 Lloyd Cross developed the integral
hologram by combining white-light transmission
holography with conventional cinematography to
produce moving 3-dimensional images. Sequential
frames of 2-D motion-picture footage of a
rotating subject are recorded on holographic
film. When viewed, the composite images are
synthesized by the human brain as a 3-D image.
Later, Cross founded The Multiplex Company that
produced hundreds of images using his holographic
stereogram technique.
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The history of holography
From 1975 - 1984, Rich Rallison (International
Dichromate Corp., Draper, UT) pioneered the
production of glass sandwich dichromate holograms
that were used as jewelry pendants, key chains,
paper weights, and other premium items.
Rich Rallison recalls his experiences with Steve
Benton at the Benton Vision Symposium, November,
2003.
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The history of holography
In 1983 MasterCard International, Inc. became the
first to use hologram technology in bank card
security.
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Holography application

• A telephone credit card used in Europe has
  embossed surface holograms which carry a monetary
  value. When the card is inserted into the
  telephone, a card reader discerns the amount due
  and deducts (erases) the appropriate amount to
  cover the cost of the call.
• Supermarket scanners read the bar codes on
  merchandise for the store's computer by using a
  holographic lens system to direct laser light
  onto the product labels during checkout.
• Holography is used to depict the shock wave made
  by air foils to locate the areas of highest
  stress. These holograms are used to improve the
  design of aircraft wings and turbine blades.

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Holography application

• A holographic lens is used in an aircraft
  "heads-up display" to allow a fighter pilot to
  see critical cockpit instruments while looking
  straight ahead through the windscreen. Similar
  systems are being researched by several
  automobile manufactures.
• Researchers are developing the sub- systems of a
  computerized holographic display.
• Holography is ideal for archival recording of
  valuables or fragile museum artifacts.
• Optical computers, which use holograms as
  storage material for data, could have a dramatic
  impact on the overall holography market.

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Holography application

• To better understand marine phytoplankton,
  researchers have developed an undersea
  holographic camera that generates in-line and
  off-axis holograms of the organisms. A computer
  controlled stage moves either a video camera or a
  microscope through the images, and the organisms
  can be measured as they were in their undersea
  environment
• An interferogram (a sort of hologram) is a
  technique providing a method of non-destructive
  analysis that determines structural deformations
  in objects.

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Holography application

• The using of ultrasound waves as main carriers
  of the information creates opportunities for
  holography application in a sound field
  visualization. This has a great practical
  importance in
• Undersea acoustics and hydrolocation
• Defectoscopy
• Medical diagnostics
• Biological surveys
• The using of X-rays as main carriers of
  information creates additional opportunities for
  holography method application in biological,
  physical and chemical studies

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Holography application
The using of ? rays allows precise atomic and
molecular structural analysis

• Holograms of a local structure of crystallic Fe
• Estimated pictures of a local structure of
  crystallic Fe 

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Thank you!
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