RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM FUNCTIONS

• Gas Exchange (pick-up O2, eliminate CO2)
• Filter, Warm Humidify Air
• Protection
• Speech
• Regulate pH

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RESPIRATORY SYTEM ORGANIZATION

• Upper Respiratory Tract (Outside Thorax)
• Nose
• Pharynx
• Lower Respiratory Tract (Inside Thorax)
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchial Tree
• Lungs

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UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

• Nose
• External Nares/Anterior Nasal Aperture (nostril)
• Nasal Cavity
• Hairs, Mucus (Trap Debris)
• Mucosa (Warm, Moisten)
• Cilia (Transport)
• Nasal Conchae Bones (Turbulence)
• Olfactory Receptors (Smell)
• Tear Drainage

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UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT continued

• Paranasal Sinuses (4)
• Spaces in Bone
• Lined with Mucous Membrane
• Empty into Nasal Cavity
• Light Bone, Resonation
• Internal Nares/Posterior Nasal Aperture (Opening
  between Nasal Cavity Nasopharynx)

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UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT continued

• Pharynx (Throat)
• Between Nasal Cavity Larynx
• Passageway for Air Food
• 3 Divisions
• Nasopharynx (Internal Nares ? Soft Palate)
• Oropharynx (Soft Palate ? Base of Tongue)
• Laryngopharynx (Base of Tongue ? Opening to
  Esophagus)

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UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT continued

• Protected by Tonsils
• Pharyngeal Tonsil (Adenoids, Nasopharynx)
• Tubal Tonsils (Nasopharynx, Entrance to Auditory
  Tubes)
• Palatine Tonsils (Oropharynx)
• Lingual Tonsils (Oropharynx)

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LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

• Larynx (Hyoid ? Cricoid Cartilage)
• 2 Functions
• Keep Movement of Food Air Separate
• Provide Sound for Speech
• Glottis
• Slit-like Opening into Larynx
• Produces Speech with Vocal Cords

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Glottis Vocal Cords
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LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT continued

• Cartilages
• Epiglottis
• Covers Glottis (opening of larynx)
• Prevents food from Entering Trachea
• Thyroid (Adams Apple)
• Cricoid (Inferior, Encircles Vocal Cords)

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LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT continued

• Trachea (Windpipe)
• C-Shaped Tracheal Cartilage Prevents Collapse
• No Cartilage Posterior, Allows Swallowing
• Bronchial Tree
• Branching Airway
• Carina (Ridge at Bifurcation of Trachea)
• Supported by Cartilage

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• Primary Bronchi
• ?
• Secondary Bronchi
• ?
• Tertiary Bronchi
• ?
• Bronchioles (Terminal Respiratory)
• ?
• Alveolar Ducts
• ?
• Alveoli

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LUNGS

• Paired (spongy) Organs
• Surfaces
• Apex (Superior extension, above clavicle)
• Hilum (Vertical slit on medial surface)
• Cardiac Notch (Recess on left lung)
• Base (Inferior, rests on diaphragm)

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LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT/Lungs continued

• Located in thoracic cavity, lateral to heart,
  superior to diaphragm
• Protected by pleura (serous membrane)
• Visceral (inner, covers lung surface)
• Parietal (outer, lines thoracic cavity)

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LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT/Lungs continued

• Lobes
• Right Lung - 3 Lobes Superior, Middle, Inferior
• Left Lung - 2 Lobes Superior, Inferior
• Fissures
• Horizontal Fissure (Between Superior Middle
  Lobes, Right Lung)
• Right Oblique Fissure (Middle Inferior)
• Left Oblique Fissure (Superior Inferior)

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LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT/Lungs continued

• Alveoli
• Microscopic, Membranous Air Sacs
• Functional Unit of Lungs, Main Site of Gas
  Exchange Between Respiratory Circulatory
  Systems (by diffusion)
• Simple Squamous E.T.
• Surfactant Reduces Surface Tension, Prevents
  Collapse

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY

• Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)
• Relies on Gas Traveling from High Pressure to Low
  Pressure (Negative Pressure System)
• 2 Stages
• Inspiration (Inhalation)
• Diaphragm Intercostal Muscles Contract
• Volume of Thoracic Cavity Increases, Pressure
  Decreases
• Air Rushes into Lungs

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY continued

• Expiration (Exhalation)
• Diaphragm Intercostal Muscles Relax (nerve
  stimuli halt)
• Volume of Thoracic Cavity Decreases, Pressure
  Increases
• Elastic Recoil of Tissues
• Air Rushes out of Lungs

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY continued

• Respiratory Volumes
• Tidal Volume (Amount in Single, Relaxed Breath or
  Breathing Cycle, ?500 ml)
• Inspiratory Reserve Volume (Amount Forcibly Taken
  in Above TV, ? 3,000 ml)
• Expiratory Reserve Volume (Amount Forcibly
  Exhaled after TV, ? 1,000 ml)
• Residual Volume (Always Remains in Lungs)
• Vital Capacity (Max. Amount Exhaled, TV IRV
  ERV, ? 4,500 ml)

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY continued

• Gas Exchange (Respiration)
• Occurs Across Respiratory Membrane (Alveolar Wall
  Capillary Wall)
• Alveolar ducts Respiratory Bronchioles also
  sites of exchange
• Gases Diffuse from Area of High ? Low
• O2 Bound to Hemoglobin some in plasma
• Chemoreceptors in Aorta Carotid Arteries

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY continued

• CO2 Transport
• Bicarbonate Ion (HCO3-) in RBCs
• Attached to Hemoglobin
• Plasma

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RESPIRATION

• Occurs in two locations
• External Respiration
• Between Alveoli Pulmonary Capillaries
• O2 diffuses into blood CO2 diffuses out
• Internal Respiration
• Between Systemic Capillaries Interstitial
  Spaces
• O2 diffuses out of blood CO2 diffuses in

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Control of Breathing

• Respiratory Regulatory Center
• Medulla sets the basic rate rhythm
• CO2 changes (pH) act as primary stimulus
• Pons smooths respiratory pattern
• Chemoreceptors
• Medulla oblongata monitors CO2 pH of CSF
• Aorta Carotid Artery detect changes in oxygen
  concentration

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