A New Approach to Gravity & Space Propulsion Systems

1
A New Approach to Gravity Space Propulsion
Systems
Benjamin Thomas SolomonB.Sc. (Elec. Eng), Dip.
O.R., M.A.O.R., M.B.S. (Banking
Finance) QuantumRisk.com
2
Introduction

• This paper presents a portion of a new
  technology, Post-Newtonian Propulsion Technology
  (PNPT), it is hoped will revolutionize space
  propulsion systems.
• There still are gaps in the body of knowledge
  pertaining to this technology, and with enough
  funding and scientific scrutiny, this technology
  will present viable space propulsion systems
  within this decade.

3
Paper Overview

• The Trouble with Time.
• Time Dilation Gravity Model.
• Momentum Exchange Bypass
• Current Research
• Post Newtonian Propulsion Technology (PNPT)
  Experimental Results
• New Technology Options
• Technology Sensitivity Analysis
• Future Spacecraft Designs

4
1. The Trouble with Time
5
1. The Trouble with Time Paradoxes 1

• Time travel can only be possible if we can prove,
  without unresolvable paradoxes, an effect prior
  to cause, for any case within the boundaries
  defined by the wormhole mechanics.
• Our current understanding is the crux of the
  issue here. Lets explore options in an unbounded
  manner.

1 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, Wormholes Create
Unresolvable Paradoxes, Journal of Theoretics,
August 6, 2001, Vol. 3-4, http//www.journaloftheo
retics.com/
6
1. The Trouble with Time Explanations 1

• One possible explanation is that the wormholes
  mechanics is not correct. It might be
  mathematically correct but not the correct model
  of the universe.
• If we start with the axiom that there is no past
  or future, only the present, then wormholes
  always return us to the present. We observe the
  past only because the fastest signals, light,
  takes time to travel across vast distances, but
  what is happening now, in that vast distance,
  is different from what we are observing now.

1 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, Wormholes Create
Unresolvable Paradoxes, Journal of Theoretics,
August 6, 2001, Vol. 3-4, http//www.journaloftheo
retics.com/
7
1. The Trouble with Time Explanations 1

• In order for any theory of time travel to be
  viable, we must first resolve any paradoxes or at
  least expose them of not being paradoxes. Only
  then can we develop any plausible theory of time
  travel.

1 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, Wormholes Create
Unresolvable Paradoxes, Journal of Theoretics,
August 6, 2001, Vol. 3-4, http//www.journaloftheo
retics.com/
8
1. The Trouble with Time The Universe 2
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003
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1. The Trouble with Time Conclusion 2

• The Expanding Universe as Surface Model provides
  an alternative explanation to dark energy 3.
• An expanding and rotating Universe would
  experience a centripetal force, which would fling
  all the galaxies apart at an ever-increasing
  rate. This explanation would circumvent the need
  to invent a dark energy.
• Most importantly, it suggests that modern
  theories about spacetime that allow for time
  travel are fundamentally incorrect.

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003 3 Andrew
Chaikin, Dark Energy Astronomers Still
'Clueless' About Mystery Force Pushing Galaxies
Apart, Editor, Space Science posted 0700 am
ET 15 January 2002, http//www.space.com/sciencea
stronomy/astronomy/cosmic_darknrg_020115-1.html
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2. Time Dilation Gravity Model
11
2. Time Dilation Gravity Model The Mechanics 4
4 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, An Epiphany On
Gravity, Journal of Theoretics, December 3,
2001, Vol. 3-6, http//www.journaloftheoretics.co
m/
12
2. Time Dilation Gravity Model The Mechanics 4
The new center of mass, SCM, is,   SCM (3/8)
sxo (dxd/dxo - 1)   Therefore, the center of mass
of the particle probability cloud has shifted
further to the right, in keeping with the
direction of time dilation.
4 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, An Epiphany On
Gravity, Journal of Theoretics, December 3,
2001, Vol. 3-6, http//www.journaloftheoretics.co
m/
13
2. Time Dilation Gravity Model The Mechanics 4

• ?s (3/8) sxo . ?t
• The distanced moved by the particle is a function
  of the change in time dilation at that point.
• Note that the change in time dilation, ?t, is not
  the same as the duration taken to move.
• To put it another way, when time dilation is
  constant with respect to a particles frame of
  reference, the particle is stationary with
  respect to its own fame of reference.
• When time dilation is non-linear, the particle is
  displaced and therefore experiences motion with
  respect to its own frame of reference.

4 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, An Epiphany On
Gravity, Journal of Theoretics, December 3,
2001, Vol. 3-6, http//www.journaloftheoretics.co
m/
14
2. Time Dilation Gravity Model The Gravitational
Effect 4

• The gravitational effect can be summarized as
  follows,
• Time dilation distorts the shape of a particles
  probability cloud in the direction of increasing
  time contraction.
• This distortion of the particles probability
  cloud results in the shifting of the center of
  mass of the particle in the direction of
  increasing time contraction.
• The net effect is that the center of mass of the
  particle moves in the direction of increasing
  time contraction.
• This effect in space is called a gravitational
  field.

4 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, An Epiphany On
Gravity, Journal of Theoretics, December 3,
2001, Vol. 3-6, http//www.journaloftheoretics.co
m/
15
2. Time Dilation Gravity Model Summary 2
When time dilation is zero, particle is
symmetrical and spherical.
Particles own frame of reference
Time dilation field
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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2. Time Dilation Gravity Model Summary 2
When time dilation is not zero, particle is
symmetrical but ellipsoidal.
Particles own frame of reference
Time dilation field
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003
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2. Time Dilation Gravity Model Summary 2
When time dilation is non-linear, particle is
asymmetrical ellipsoidal.
Particles own frame of reference
Time dilation field
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003
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2. Time Dilation Gravity Model Lorentz/Escape
Velocity4

• Assuming that at infinity, to 1, reduces the
  equation to, vf c v (1 1/tv2)
• where vf is the free fall or equivalent
  Lorentz/time dilation velocity when time dilation
  is tv, assuming that this relationship holds.

4 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, An Epiphany On
Gravity, Journal of Theoretics, December 3,
2001, Vol. 3-6, http//www.journaloftheoretics.co
m/
19
2. Time Dilation Gravity Model Lorentz/Escape
Velocity4
That is, the acceleration experienced by a
falling body is governed solely by the change in
time dilation in the gravitational field.
4 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, An Epiphany On
Gravity, Journal of Theoretics, December 3,
2001, Vol. 3-6, http//www.journaloftheoretics.co
m/
20
2. Time Dilation Gravity Model Relativistic Bind
2

• The logical extrapolation is, particles that do
  not exhibit a probability density volume
  (zero-point particles) will be impervious to
  gravitational effects.
• These particles do not have probability density
  shape/size which can be altered by the
  non-linearity of time dilation, and are therefore
  impervious to relativistic effects.
• Substituting sxo 0, particle size is zero, the
  equation becomes,
• SCM (3/8) . 0 . (tR - tL) 0
• (no change in center of mass)

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003
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2. Time Dilation Gravity Model Relativistic Bind
2

• Even if (tR - tL) gt 0, this hypothesis does not
  breakdown at very short distances approaching
  zero.
• Yes, this hypothesis suggests an approach that
  can be used to break out of the relativistic bind
  of Lorentz transformations.

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003
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2. Time Dilation Gravity Model Conclusion 2

• The Gravitational Field is not real. It is a
  Virtual Field.
• The Gravitational Effect is real, and purely
  the result of the non-linearity of time dilation.
• This Time Dilation Gravity Model does not
  implicitly assume an UP or DOWN, for the model to
  work.
• Any gravity model that implicitly assumes an UP
  or Down is too narrow in scope to deliver future
  space propulsion technologies.
• It is possible to breakout of the relativistic
  bind of Lorentz Transformation equations.

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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3. Momentum Exchange Bypass
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3. Momentum Exchange Bypass Review 2
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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3. Momentum Exchange Bypass Collision Effects 2
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3. Momentum Exchange Bypass Collision Effects 2
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3. Momentum Exchange Bypass Virtual Collision 2
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3. Momentum Exchange Bypass Virtual Collision 2

• At this point, all I can say is, the direction of
  the time dilation, holds the key to the momentum
  vector.
• In compressing and bouncing back, the probability
  cloud is able to use the direction of time
  dilation to change the momentum vector.
• This behavior of the probability density
  shape/size in the absence of a real particle is
  termed Momentum Exchange Bypass.

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003
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3. Momentum Exchange Bypass Conclusion 2

• The Momentum Exchange Bypass presented in this
  chapter is based on the Time Dilation Gravity
  model, and is therefore, consistent with this
  model.
• If the Time Dilation Gravity hypothesis is
  correct, then there is a lot more to momentum
  exchange than straightforward transfer of kinetic
  energy and momentum vectors.
• Momentum exchange is a process. This process is
  able to change vectors, using apparently scalar
  functions, time dilation and probability density.
  

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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3. Momentum Exchange Bypass Conclusion 2

• Given that momentum exchange is a process, using
  electromagnetism, one is then able to intercede
  in this process to deliver virtual momentum
  exchange behavior, termed, Momentum Exchange
  Bypass.
• Most importantly, Momentum Exchange Bypass
  suggests that there is more to be done with
  regard to our understanding of momentum
  exchange,.
• If Momentum Exchange Bypass is real, then we are
  on our way to achieving true propellantless
  propulsion systems.

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003
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4. Current Research
32
4. Current Research 1992, Superconducting
Ceramics 5

• Shielding properties of single-phase dense bulk
  superconducting ceramics of YBa2Cu3O7-x against
  the gravitational force were studied at
  temperatures below 77 K.
• A small non-conducting and non-magnetic sample
  weighing 5.48 g was placed over a levitating
  superconducting disk and the loss of weight was
  measured with high precision using an
  electro-optical balance system.

5 E. Podkletnov and R. Nieminen, A possibility
of gravitational force shielding by bulk
YBa2Cu3O7-x superconductor, Physica C 2O3 (1992)
441-444, http//www.gravity-society.org/phc.txt
33
4. Current Research 1992, Superconducting
Ceramics 5

• The sample was found to lose from 0.05 to 0.3 of
  its weight, depending on the rotation speed of
  the superconducting disk.
• Partial loss of weight might be the result of a
  certain state of energy which exists inside the
  crystal structure of the superconductor at low
  temperatures.
• The unusual state of energy might have changed a
  regular interaction between electromagnetic,
  nuclear and gravitational forces inside a solid
  body and is responsible for the gravity shielding
  effect.

5 E. Podkletnov and R. Nieminen, A possibility
of gravitational force shielding by bulk
YBa2Cu3O7-x superconductor, Physica C 2O3 (1992)
441-444, http//www.gravity-society.org/phc.txt
34
4. Current Research 1995, Hoopers
Self-Canceling Coils 6

• Experiments were conducted to test assertions
  from Patent 3,610,971, by W.J. Hooper that
  self-canceling electromagnetic coils can reduce
  the weight of objects placed underneath.
• No weight changes were observed within the
  detectability of the instrumentation.
• More careful examination of the patent and other
  reports from Hooper led to the conclusion that
  Hooper may have misinterpreted thermal effects as
  his 'Motional Field' effects.
• There is a possibility that the claimed effects
  are below the detection thresholds of the
  instrumentation used for these tests.

6 NASA. Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH. 
MILLIS, MARC G. WILLIAMSON, GARY SCOTT  JUN.
1995 12 PAGES, 31st Joint Propulsion Conference
and Exhibit, San Diego CA, 10-12 Jul. 1995
sponsored by AIAA, ASME, SAE, and ASEE
NASA-TM-106963 E-9719 NAS 1.15106963  AIAA PAPER
95-2601  Avail CASI HC A03/MF A01
35
4. Current Research 1998, Superconducting Disks
7

• We report experiments on RF-illuminated (1-15
  MHz) superconducting disks with corresponding
  gravity readings indicating an apparent increase
  in observed gravity of approximately 3-5x10-5
  cm/s2, above and to the side of the
  superconductor.
• The observed gravitational modification range is
  significantly lower than the 2.1 gravity
  modification reported by Podkletnov.

7 David Noever Ron Koczor, "Radio-frequency
illuminated superconductive disks Reverse
Josephson effects and implications for precise
measuring of proposed gravity effects." Mail
Code ES76 Space Sciences Lab, NASA Marshall
Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812,
Abstract for NASA JPL-Ninth Advanced Space
Propulsion Research Workshop and Conference,
Pasadena, CA March 11-13, 1998
36
4. Current Research 1998, Rotating Magnetic
Fields 8

• This configuration was applied with and without a
  permanent DC magnetic field levitating the
  superconducting disk, with corresponding gravity
  readings indicating an apparent increase in
  observed gravity of less than 1x10-6 cm/s2,
  measured above the superconductor.

8 David Noever, Ron Koczor, and Rick Roberson,
"Superconductor-mediated modification of gravity?
AC motor experiments with bulk YBCO disks in
rotating magnetic fields." NASA MSFC ES76, Space
Sciences Lab, Huntsville, AL 35812, 34th
AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference
and Exhibit, Cleveland Convention Center,
Cleveland, OH July 12-15, 1998, Special Session
of Breakthrough Propulsion Physics (Session
6-APC-1), AIAA-98-3139
37
4. Current Research 2001, Gravity Shielding-
NASA 9

• The general conclusion is that the results of
  these tests gave a null result.
• Further, it is concluded that the balance is
  sensitive to mass changes at room temperature and
  down to approximately 175C . . .

T. Robertson, Exploration of Anomalous Gravity
Effects by rf-Pumped Magnetized High-T
Superconducting Oxides, AIAA-2001-3364, NASA
Marshall, Huntsville, AL http//www.grc.nasa.gov/
WWW/bpp/pdf/Robertson-JPC.PDF
38
4. Current Research Conclusion
Nobodys got it.
. . . But no one has succeeded in duplicating
Podkletovs results. . . NASA decided to spend
600,000 to prove or disprove the theory once and
for all 10
10 Frank Vizard, Grappling with Gravity, Out
of the Box or Totally Out of Bounds?, Popular
Science, June 2002, Page 36
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5. PNPT Experiments
40
5. PNPT Experiments First Generation Experiments
11
11 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, Post-Newtonian
Propulsion Technology, International Space
Development Conference 2001, May 24-28,
Albuquerque, NM
41
5. PNPT Experiments Second Generation
Experiments (2GE) 11
11 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, Post-Newtonian
Propulsion Technology, International Space
Development Conference 2001, May 24-28,
Albuquerque, NM
42
5. PNPT Experiments 2GE Weight Loss 11
11 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, Post-Newtonian
Propulsion Technology, International Space
Development Conference 2001, May 24-28,
Albuquerque, NM
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5. PNPT Experiments 2GE Superconductivity (Once)
11
11 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, Post-Newtonian
Propulsion Technology, International Space
Development Conference 2001, May 24-28,
Albuquerque, NM
44
5. PNPT Experiments Experimental Summary as at
April 2001 11
11 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, Post-Newtonian
Propulsion Technology, International Space
Development Conference 2001, May 24-28,
Albuquerque, NM
45
5. PNPT Experiments 2GE Device type B 2
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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5. PNPT Experiments 2GE Device B2, Electrical
Characteristics 2
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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5. PNPT Experiments 2GE Device B2, Weight Loss
2
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5. PNPT Experiments 2GE Device type J 2
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5. PNPT Experiments 2GE Device J1, Electrical
Characteristics 2
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5. PNPT Experiments 2GE Device J12, Weight
Loss 2
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5. PNPT Experiments Basic Observations in
Physics 2

• Experimental repeatability.
• Not due to the Earths magnetic field.
• No electric field no force.
• No magnetic field no force.
• Not due to the oxygen effect.
• Both electric and magnetic fields must be present
  to observe a force.
• Increased m-current increases net weight change.
• Reverse the electric field and weight change is
  reversed.
• Turn it upside down weight change is reversed.

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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5. PNPT Experiments Video
Stop of Video
53
6. New Technology Options
54
6. New Technology Options Comparisons 2
NASA / Current
Criteria PNPT (BTS)
Research Built designs that should work Yes,
they work No Built designs that should not
work Yes, they dont work No Operates at Room
Temperature or Higher Yes No Does Not Use
Superconductors Yes No Does Not Use Exotic
Materials Yes No Has No Moving
Parts Yes No Portable Yes No
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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6. New Technology Options Technology Ladder 2
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6. New Technology Options NASAs Breakthrough
Propulsion Physics

• NASAs Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Consortium
  concepts 12
• Technical Challenge 1 - MASS Discover new
  propulsion methods that eliminate or dramatically
  reduce the need for propellant
• Technical Challenge 2 - SPEED Discover how to
  circumvent existing limits to dramatically reduce
  transit times.
• Technical Challenge 3 - ENERGY Discover
  fundamentally new modes of onboard energy
  generation to power these propulsion devices.

12 TD15-PLN-015, John H. Glenn Research Center
Baseline, 21000 Brookpark Rd., Cleveland OH 44135
December 4, 2000. Project Plan for Breakthrough
Propulsion Physics (BPP) Space Transportation
Research Investment Area
57
6. New Technology Options Breaking the Rules 2

• Interstellar Travel is not feasible with present
  day conventional wisdom.
• If Interstellar Travel is to be a reality, we
  have to break the rules of conventional wisdom
  but remain within the orbit of rigorous logic.

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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6. New Technology Options Interstellar
Technology Objectives 2
Objectives Supporting Concepts 1. Journey
Integrity Post-Newtonian Propulsion Zero
Re-fuelling Unbounded Energy Onboard 2.
Propulsion Systems Integrity Post-Newtonian
Propulsion 3. Live Systems Integrity Trivial
Travel Times 4. Navigation Integrity No Unique
Reference Required 5. Communications
Integrity Super Luminal Communications
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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6. New Technology Options Paradigm Shift
Required 2

• Concept 1 Post-Newtonian Propulsion.
• Technology Approach Paradigm shift away from the
  concept of momentum exchange. Future propulsion
  systems need to utilize Momentum Exchange Bypass.
  This avoids the ZPR problem altogether.
• Technology Required Propulsion engines need to
  fold spacetime.

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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6. New Technology Options Paradigm Shift
Required 2

• Concept 2 Trivial Travel Times.
• Technology Approach Paradigm shift away from the
  concept of velocity and duration.
• Technology Required Invent engines that can fold
  spacetime. Post Newtonian Propulsion Technology
  is the only option right now.

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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6. New Technology Options Paradigm Shift
Required 2

• Concept 3 Zero Propellant Replenishment.
• Technology Approach Invent new propulsion
  methods that eliminate the need for propellants.
• Technology Required True propellantless
  propulsion. Nuclear based propulsion is a close
  choice but not quite it.

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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6. New Technology Options Paradigm Shift
Required 2

• Concept 4 Unbounded Energy Onboard.
• Technology Approach Invent/develop new energy
  sources/storage that provide unlimited or nearly
  unlimited propulsion energy requirements.
• Technology Required This we have. It is nuclear
  energy.

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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6. New Technology Options Paradigm Shift
Required 2

• Concept 5 No Unique Reference.
• Technology Approach Invent/develop navigation
  systems that eliminate the need for a central
  point of reference. Independent of Earth bound
  communications references.
• Technology Required Stellar Fingerprinting. To
  be able to look at the mass of stars and
  recognize where we are. Use pulsars?

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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6. New Technology Options Paradigm Shift
Required 2

• Concept 6 Bypass Velocity of Light.
• Technology Approach Deep space voyages require
  us to invent new communications technologies that
  does bypass the speed of light.
• Technology Required Information Teleportation.
  Dr. Ping Koy Lam of the Australian National
  University has successfully demonstrated photon
  teleportation.

2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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6. New Technology Options Technology Summary
(BTS) 2

• Objectives Concepts State of Technology
• Journey Integrity Post-Newtonian
  Propulsion Feasible - Experimental (BTS) Zero
  Propellant Replenishment Feasible NASA/Air
  Force/Navy Unbounded Energy Onboard Available
  Nuclear - NASA/Navy
• Propulsion Systems Integrity Post-Newtonian
  Propulsion Feasible - Experimental (BTS)
• Live Systems Integrity Trivial Travel
  Times Unknown
• Navigation Integrity No Unique
  Reference Feasible NASA/Air Force/Navy
• Communications Integrity Photon
  Teleportation Feasible Australian
  National University

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7. Technology Sensitivity Analysis
67
7. Technology Sensitivity Analysis Current
Technology
Travel between Earth and Moon.
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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7. Technology Sensitivity Analysis Advanced
Technology
Travel beyond the Moon but within the Solar
System.
Live Systems Integrity
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7. Technology Sensitivity Analysis Future
Technology
Travel beyond the Solar System.
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8. Future Spacecraft Designs Newtonian
Technology Design
Shuttle like Spacecrafts Unfortunately, this is
not the future.
Pictures courtesy of NASA, http//spaceflight.nasa
.gov/shuttle/reference/basics/orbiter/index.html h
ttp//spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/basic
s/index.html
71
8. Future Spacecraft Designs Newtonian
Technology Design
Ion Propulsion Unfortunately, this too, is not
the future.
Picture courtesy of NASA, http//www.nasa.gov/exte
nd/HP_ELT_Feature_03.html
72
8. Future Spacecraft Designs Key Design
Considerations
1. Silicon wafers can be laid out in two compact
formats.
Tubular format, back to back, suggesting an
engine design that is cylindrical.
Flat format, side by side, suggesting an engine
design that is part of the spacecraft floor.
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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8. Future Spacecraft Designs Key Design
Considerations
2. The field effects must encompass the whole
spacecraft.
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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8. Future Spacecraft Designs Almost Correct
Design
Star Trek Enterprise Not a likely design as the
engines are, too far apart far back for the
field effects to encompass the whole spacecraft.
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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8. Future Spacecraft Designs Correct Design
To maximize the field effects, the propulsion
system has to be within and center of the
spacecraft.
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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8. Future Spacecraft Designs PNPT Propulsion
Systems Layout
1st Design Approach Propulsion system is buried
inside the spacecraft, and is an integral part of
the vessel design.
77
8. Future Spacecraft Designs PNPT Propulsion
Systems Layout
2nd Design Approach Propulsion system is buried
inside the spacecraft, and is an integral part of
the vessel design.
78
8. Future Spacecraft Designs Future Spacecraft
Design
Using the 1st Design Approach, the spacecraft
saucer shaped.
2 Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach,
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Conclusion
If we want to be an Interstellar Civilization
then, The Space Program needs to advance
Science, and not Science advance the Space
Program.
80
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank, the following
organizations for providing the opportunity, To
present/publish unconventional ideas,1. The
Journal of Theoretics2. National Space
Society To test/verify my experiments at the
labs, 1. University of Denver, Denver,
Colorado2. University of Colorado at Denver,
Denver Colorado
81
Contact
Author Benjamin Thomas Solomon Address P.O.
Box 40 Conifer, CO 80433-0040 eFax 801-365-899
5 TeL [phone] Email solomon_at_QuantumRisk.c
om