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PRACTICING FIRE SAFETY

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Title: PRACTICING FIRE SAFETY


1
PRACTICING FIRE SAFETY
2
HOW FIRES START
  • Fire is a chemical reaction involving rapid
    oxidation or burning of
  • fuel. It needs three elements to occur.
  • -Fuel Fuel cam be any combustible material-
    solid, liquid
  • or gas. Most solids and liquids become a vapor
    or gas
  • before they will burn.
  • -Oxygen The air we breathe is about 21 percent
    oxygen.
  • Fire only needs an atmosphere with at least 16
    percent
  • oxygen.
  • -Heat Heat is the energy necessary to increase
    the
  • temperature of the fuel to a point where
    sufficient vapors are
  • given off for ignition to occur.

3
CHEMICAL REACTION
  • A chain reaction can occur when the three
    elements of fire are
  • present in the proper conditions and
    proportion. Fire occurs
  • when this rapid oxidation, or burning takes
    place.
  • -Take any one of these factors away, and the
    fire cannot
  • occur or will be extinguished if it was already
    burning.

4
TETRAHEDRON
  • THE FIRE TETRAHEDRON
  • The process we know as fire is a chemical
    reaction which involves
  • rapid oxidation or burning of a combustible
    material. In the past,
  • we learned that three elements, fuel, heat, and
    oxygen were necessary
  • for fire to start and continue burning, hence
    the fire triangle concept.
  • In recent years this concept has been expanded to
    include a fourth
  • element, that of the chemical reaction, thus
    creating the fire tetrahedron.

5
Cont.
  • The following is a brief description of each
    element and their interaction
  • Fuel - May be any combustible material. Can be a
    solid, liquid, or gas. Typically solids and
    liquids must be heated to the point where they
    are converted into a vapor or gas before they
    will burn.
  • Oxygen - There must be at least 16 oxygen
    present for a fire to burn. This is usually not a
    problem since the air we breath is about 21
    oxygen.

6
Cont.
  • Heat - Heat is the energy needed to increase the
    fuels temperature to the point where sufficient
    vapors are produced for ignition to occur.
  • Chemical Reaction - The chemical chain reaction
    know as fire occurs when fuel, oxygen and heat
    are present in the right conditions and amounts.

7
HOW FIRES ARE CLASSIFIED
CLASS A Ordinary combustibles or fibrous
material such as Wood, paper, cloth, rubber and
some plastics.
CLASS B Flammable or combustible liquids such
as gasoline, kerosene, paint, paint thinner and
propane.
8
Cont.
CLASS C Energized electrical equipment, such as
appliances, Switches, panel boxes and power
tools.
CLASS D Certain combustible metals, such as
magnesium, Titanium, potassium and sodium. These
metals burn at high temperatures and give off
sufficient oxygen to support combustion. They may
react violently with water or other chemicals,
and must be handled with care.
9
Residence LifeSafety Regulations forResidential
Living
Candies, Incense, and Combustible Materials
  • Candles and incense are a fire hazard and are not
    permitted in the residence halls or apartments.
    Combustible materials such as gasoline, paint
    thinner, and oil lamps are not permitted within
    the residential facilities. Fire safety codes
    require strict compliance with this regulation.
    Propane grills are prohibited.

10
Cont.
Fire Alarms, Fire Drills, and Residential Safety
  • Each residence hall has at least two fire drills
    per semester. These drills will not be announced
    and you must evacuate the building immediately
    each time the fire alarm sounds. Disciplinary
    action will be taken if a student does not
    evacuate the building.
  • The misuse of fire alarms, fire detection
    devices, or fire extinguishers constitutes a
    serious offense. Any resident who misuses such
    equipment or devices will be subject to
    prosecution and disciplinary action. Residents
    are responsible for any damage to the system and
    they will be held financially accountable. Fire
    and safety regulations strictly prohibit the use
    or storage within residential facilities of
    explosives, fireworks, live Christmas trees,
    flammable liquids, fire-arms, ammunition, and
    combustible engines of any kind.

11
WHEN NOT TO FIGHT A FIRE
  • NEVER FIGHT A FIRE
  • If the fire is spreading beyond the spot where
    it started.
  • If you cant fight the fire with your back to an
    escape exit.
  • If the fire can block your only escape.
  • If you dont have adequate fire-fighting
    equipment.
  • In any of these situation,
  • DONT FIGHT THE FIRE YOURSELF.
  • CALL FOR HELP.

12
HOW TO EXTINGUISH SMALL FIRES
CLASS A- Extinguish ordinary combustibles by
cooling the material below its ignition
temperature and soaking the fibers to prevent
re-ignition. Use pressurized water, foam or
multi-purpose (ABC rated) dry chemical
extinguisher. DO NOT USE carbon dioxide or
ordinary (BC-rated) dry chemical extinguisher on
Class A fires.
13
Cont.
  • CLASS B Extinguish flammable liquids, greases
    by
  • removing the oxygen, preventing the vapors from
  • reaching the ignition source or inhibiting the
    chemical
  • chain reaction.
  • Foam, carbon dioxide, ordinary (BC-rated) dry
  • chemical, multi-purpose dry chemical, and halon
  • extinguishers may be used to fight Class B
    fires.
  • CLASS C Extinguish energized electrical
  • equipment by using an extinguishing agent that
    is not
  • capable of conducting electrical current.
  • Carbon dioxide, ordinary (BC-rated) dry
    chemical,
  • multi-purpose dry chemical and halon fire
  • extinguishers may be used to fight Class C
    fires. DO
  • NOT USE WATER EXTINGUISHERS ON
  • ENERGIZED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT.

14
Cont.
  • CLASS D Extinguish combustible metals such as
  • magnesium, titanium, potassium and sodium with
  • dry powder extinguishing agents specially
    designated
  • for the material involved.
  • In most cases, they absorb the heat from the
    material,
  • cooling it below its ignition temperature.

NOTE Multipurpose (ABC-rated) chemical
extinguisher leave a residue that can harm
sensitive equipment, such as computers and other
electronic equipment. Because of this, carbon
dioxide or halon extinguishers are preferred in
these instances because they leave very little
residue.
15
Cont.
  • ABC dry powder residue is mildly corrosive to
    many metals. For
  • example, reside left over from the use of an
    ABC dry powder
  • extinguisher in the same room with a piano can
    seriously corrode
  • piano wires.

16
HOW TO IDENTIFY THE PROPER FIRE EXTINGUISHER
  • All ratings are showed on the extinguisher
    faceplate.
  • Some extinguishers are marked with multiple
    ratings such as AB,
  • BC and ABC. These extinguishers are capable of
    putting out more
  • than one class of fire.
  • Class A and B extinguishers carry a numerical
    rating that indicates
  • how large a fire an experienced person can
    safely put out with that
  • extinguisher.
  • Class C extinguishers have only a letter rating
    to indicate that the
  • extinguishing agent will not conduct electrical
    current. Class C
  • extinguisher must also carry a B rating.

17
HOW TO USE A PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER
  • Class D extinguishers carry only a letter rating
    indicating their
  • effectiveness on certain amounts of specific
    metals.
  • REMEMBER THE ACRONYM, P.A.S.S.
  • P .Pull the Pin
  • A ..Aim the extinguisher nozzle at the base of
    the flame.
  • S Squeeze trigger while holding the
    extinguisher upright.
  • S Sweep the extinguisher from side to side,
    covering the
  • area of the fire with the
    extinguishing agent.

NOTE PULL A FIRE ALARM BOX AND ALERT OTHERS
BEFORE YOU ATTEMPT TO USE A FIRE EXTINGUISHER.
18
Remember
  • Should your path of escape be threatened.
  • Should the extinguisher run out of agent.
  • Should the extinguisher prove to be ineffective.
  • Should you no longer be able to safely fight the
    fire.
  • Close the door on your way out of the area.
  • THEN LEAVE THE AREA IMMEDIATELY!!!!

19
HOW TO INSPECT YOUR FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
  • Know the locations of the fire extinguishers in
    your work area.
  • Make sure the class of the extinguisher is safe
    to use on fires likely
  • to occur in the immediate area.
  • Check the plastic seal holding the pin in the
    extinguisher handle. Has
  • the extinguisher been tampered with or used
    before? Report any
  • broken/missing seals/pins to the Public Safety
    Office 256-4922.
  • Water, some foam, and dry chemical extinguishers
    have gauges
  • indicating the pressure inside the
    extinguisher. The pressure
  • needle should be in the green area (generally
    100-175 lbs.,
  • depending on the type of agent).

20
Cont.
  • CO2 (carbon dioxide) extinguishers are high
    pressure cylinders
  • with pressures ranging from 1500 lb to 2150 lb.
    These
  • extinguishers DO NOT have gauges and must be
    weighed by
  • Fire Safety Unit staff to determine the amount
    of contents
  • remaining.
  • Make sure the pin, nozzle and nameplate are
    intact.
  • One is encouraged to be aware of the condition
    of your areas
  • extinguishers by visual inspection on a
    frequent basis to ensure
  • you have a working extinguisher there when you
    need one.
  • Report any missing, empty or damaged fire
    extinguishers to the
  • Public Safety Office (256-4922) whenever you
    notice any
  • discrepancies.

21
The Appearance of Different types of
extinguishers
  • Generally, you can tell with a glance which type
    an extinguisher is
  • hanging on the wall, or in the cabinet, just by
    looking at its shape.
  • Check the labels of the extinguishers in your
    area and note the
  • color and shape/size of the extinguisher. This
    may help if someone
  • runs in to help you fight a fire with the WRONG
    extinguisher (i.e.
  • water on an electrical fire) you can STOP
    them before they are
  • injured or make matters worse!
  • ABC-rated multipurpose dry powder extinguishers
    are the most
  • common on campus, particularly in the corridors
    fo academic
  • buildings. They are almost always RED in color
    and have either
  • a long narrow hose or no hose(just a short
    nozzle). These
  • extinguishers are very light (5-25lbs) Halon
    extinguishers look
  • virtually identical to ABC multipurpose dry
    chemical extinguishers

22
Cont.
  • Water extinguisher are generally found in the
    dormitories and are
  • usually SILVER (crome-metal) in color, have a
    flat bottom, have a
  • long narrow hose, are quite large (2-1/2
    gallons).
  • CO2 (carbon dioxide) extinguishers are generally
    red, have
  • a LARGE tapered nozzle (horn), are VERY HEAVY
    (15-
  • 85 lbs). They are high-pressure cylinders.
  • Care should be used NOT TO DROP a co2 cylinder,
    if it
  • is damaged it can punch a hole through the
    nearest wall(s)
  • and end up on the other side of campus! (The
    containers
  • are quite sturdy, but dont abuse them.) CO2
    cylinders do
  • not have a pressure gauge-they must be weighed
    to
  • Determine the amount of contents.

23
Where can I find a fire extinguisher on campus
  • In the corridors of academic and office
    buildings, and inside very
  • large rooms.
  • In or immediately outside all laboratories where
    chemicals are
  • stored and used.
  • In or immediately outside mechanical spaces
    where motorized or
  • other equipment is present which might
    reasonably cause a fire.
  • In campus storage buildings, and mounted inside
  • certain university vehicles.
  • If you cant find the fire extinguisher in your
    area, or feel you need
  • a different type/size or extinguisher for you
    area, contact The
  • Public Safety Office 256-4922.

24
RESIDENCE HALL FIRE SURVIVAL PROCEDURE
When You Move In
  • Locate at least two emergency exits from your
    floor and
  • make sure they are free of obstruction
  • Note location of fire alarms, extinguishers or
    any other
  • emergency equipment available.
  • Note location of landmarks which may aid egress
    when
  • visibility is reduced by smoke.

25
ALWAYS
  • Refamiliarize yourself with standard fire drill
    procedures.
  • Become familiar with University fire and general
    safety
  • regulations.
  • Make sure the fire doors in halls and stair wells
    are closed
  • at all times.
  • Extinguish all cigarettes and matches and empty
    wastebaskets
  • often.
  • Close door to your room when you retire. Exit
    when fire
  • alarm sounds!!!!

26
NEVER
  • Smoke in bed.
  • Burn candles.
  • Allow an open flame (cigarette, candle, torch,
    etc.)
  • or cooking appliance (coffee pot, hot plate,
    etc.) near
  • common combustible material, i.e., wood, paper,
    textiles, or
  • flammable liquid.
  • Ignore fire alarm.

27
IN THE EVENT OF A FIRE
  • Remain calm. Act quickly, not rashly. Your
    objective is
  • survive. If you can exit safely, do so. If not,
    you must work
  • quickly to defend yourself against smoke and
    flame.

If you leave your room in the event of a fire
  • Never open your door without first checking for
    heat or
  • smoke. Close doors behind you.
  • Do not allow doors to lock behind you. You may
    be forced
  • to return.

28
Cont.
  • If smoke is encountered during egress, do not
    walk upright
  • crawl. The air is cooler and less toxic nearer
    the floor.
  • Never use an elevator.
  • If smoke is present in a stairwell, avoid it.
    Choose another
  • route
  • If your clothes catch firestop, drop, and roll
    to extinguish
  • the flames.
  • If you are in a room where fire starts, try to
    extinguish the fire
  • if small. If the fire is too large, leave
    quickly. Close the door
  • and/ or call the Fire Department, dail 9, 9-1-1.

29
IF YOU ARE TRAPPED IN YOUR ROOM
  • Seal door/window cracks and ventilation grills
    with tape
  • (preferably duct tape) or towels and/or
    clothing (preferably
  • wet) to keep smoke out. If there is smoke in
    the room, open
  • the window to let it out. Hang out an article
    of cloth, large
  • enough for rescuers to see, out of a corner of
    the window.
  • Close the window again and seal cracks. Keep
    window closed
  • to prevent outside smoke from entering.
  • Do not break the window unless the room has been
    heavily
  • invaded by smoke and you must get air to
    survive. Remember
  • stay close to the floor for air. Call the
    Public Safety Office (4911),
  • report the fire location and your situation.
    Tie a towel or
  • clothing (preferably wet) around your nose and
    mouth if
  • necessary to filter smoke. Do not jump!!
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