Immigrants and Urbanization

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Immigrants and Urbanization

• Chapter 7 US History

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Section 1 Objectives

• By the end of this lesson, I will be able to
• 1. Identify immigrants countries of origin.
• 2. Describe the journey immigrants endured and
  their experiences at United States immigration
  stations.
• 3. Examine the causes and effects of the
  nativists anti-immigrant sentiments.

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Section 1 The New Immigrants

• Main Idea Immigration from Europe, Asia, the
  Caribbean, and Mexico reached a new high in the
  late 19th and early 20th centuries.

• Why it Matters Now This wave of immigration
  helped make the United States the diverse society
  it is today.

• Key Terms
• Ellis Island
• Angel Island
• Melting Pot

• Key Terms (2)
• Nativism
• Chinese Exclusion Act

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Story Time!

• The year is 1880. New York Citys swelling
  population has created a housing crises.
  Immigrant families crowd into apartments that
  lack light, ventilation, and sanitary facilities.
  Children have no where to play except the streets
  and are often kept out of school to work and help
  support their families. You are a reformer who
  wishes to help immigrants improve their lives.

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Discussion Turn and Talk

• 1. What would you do to improve conditions?
• 2. What skills do newcomers need to make it?
• 3. How might immigrants respond to help from an
  outsider?
• 4. How do you think youd react?

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Why Did The Immigrants Come Here?

• Between 1870 1920, about 20 million Europeans
  immigrated to the U.S.
• 1. Escape religious persecution
• 2. Improve their economic situation (jobs) (Birds
  of passage)
• 3. Experience greater freedom in the U.S.
• 4. Escape difficult conditions (famine, land
  shortages from rising population)

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Which of the following is a reason why the
immigrants did NOT come to America?

• To escape persecution
• To improve their economic situation
• To educate their children in better American
  schools
• To escape difficult conditions

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A Difficult Journey Turn and Talk

• What main issues do you think the immigrants
  faced when coming into the USA?
• Which of these do you think would be most
  difficult for you if you were an immigrant?
• How do you think they were treated?
• What do you think was the overall American view
  on immigration at this time? (similar or
  different from today?)

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Ellis Island

• Most European immigrants to the U.S. arrived in
  New York and had to pass through immigration
  station located on Ellis Island in New York
  Harbor
• Immigrants were carefully health screened and
  could only bring 100lbs of belongings

Ellis Island - NY
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Do you think that Americans were excited or upset
over immigration?

• Excited
• Upset
• Not sure

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Passing Inspection

• Officials at Ellis Island decided whether the
  immigrants could enter the country.
• 1. Check for serious health problems
• 2. Document checks
• What do you think the requirements for entering
  the country should have been?

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What Were the Requirements for Admission?

• 1. Proving they had never been convicted of a
  felony?
• 2. Demonstrating that they were able to work.
• 3. Showing that they had some money at least 25
  (1909 standard)
• Lets look at an example

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Here Are The Exact Questions Used

• 1.What is your name?
• 2. Have you ever been to the America before?
• 3. Do you have any relatives here? If the answer
  was yes, then asked where they lived.
• 4. Is there anyone who came to meet you at Ellis
  Island?
• 5. Who paid for your passage?
• 6. Do you have any money? ( If the answer was yes
  then immigrant was told Let me see it.)
• 7. Do you have a job waiting for you in America?
• 8. Do you have a criminal record?

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Edward Ferro An Italian Immigrant

• The language was a problem of course, but it was
  overcome by the use of interpretersIt would
  happen sometimes that these interpreters some
  of them were really softhearted people and
  hated to see people being deported, and they
  would, at times, help the aliens by interpreting
  in such a manner as to benefit the alien and not
  the government. (I Was Dreaming to Come to
  America)

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Angel Island

• Not all immigrants came through Ellis Island
• Angel Island - Immigration station for the Asian
  immigrants arriving on the West Coast- San
  Francisco.
• Inspection process more difficult than on Ellis
  Island. (filthy conditions, harsh questioning)

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Cooperation For Survival

• Think about Finding a place to live, a job,
  understanding the language and culture in a new
  country
• Many immigrants settled in communities with other
  immigrants from same country.

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Immigration Restrictions

• America started to be called a MELTING POT -
  Many cultures races had blended
• But, many immigrants refused to give up their
  culture.

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The Rise of Nativism

• Some Americans didnt like so many immigrants
  living in the U.S.
• NATIVISM- preference for native-born Americans.
• Nativism
• 1. Gave rise to anti-immigrant groups
• 2. Led to a demand for immigration restrictions.

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Anti-Asian Sentiment

• Chinese immigrants worked for low wages this
  took jobs from native born Americans
• Labor groups pressured politicians to restrict
  Asian immigration.
• CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT1882 - Banned all but a few
  Chinese immigrants
• Not lifted until 1943.

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Section 2 Objectives

• By the end of this lesson, I will be able to
• 1. Describe the movement of immigrants to cities
  and the opportunities they found there.
• 2. Explain how cities dealt with housing,
  transportation, sanitation, and safety issues.
• 3. Describe some of the organizations and people
  who offered help to urban immigrants.

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Section 2 The Challenges of Urbanization

• Main Idea The rapid growth of cities forced
  people to contend with problems of housing,
  transportation, water, and sanitation.

• Why it Matters Now Consequently, residents of
  the US cities today enjoy vastly improved living
  conditions.

• Key Terms
• Urbanization
• Americanization movement
• Mass Transit

• Key Terms/Names
• Social Gospel Movement
• Settlement House

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Urban Opportunities

• Many immigrants settled in cities in the early
  1900s work
• Cities began to become overcrowded
• Urbanization - the rapid growth of cities.
• Farmers also moved into the city new technology
  less farming jobs

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Americanization Movement

• Our government wanted to help immigrants learn
  more about the USA
• Americanization Movement Was designed to
  assimilate people of wide-ranging cultures into
  the dominant culture.
• Schools taught them English, American history,
  and government.

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Urban Problems

• There became serious shortages in housing.
• New types of housing were created
• 1)Row house apartment type homes
• 2)Tenement Multifamily urban houses often
  overcrowded unsanitary
• Sanitation was a problem

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Mass Transit

• Transportation also became a huge issue.
• Cities developed Mass Transit transportation
  systems designed to move large numbers of people
  along fixed routes.
• More were needed to keep up with demand

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Urban Problems Sanitation

• Cities had hard time supplying safe drinking
  water.
• People threw garbage out their windows.
• Horse manure piled up on the streets
• Sewage flowed in streets.
• By 1900, many cities built sewers created
  sanitation departments.

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Crime Problems

• Pickpockets and thieves flourished (stealing to
  survive)
• NYC police was relatively small and didnt make
  much impact on crime.

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Fire Problems

• The city had limited supply of water.
• Most city apartments were made of wood
• People also used candles and kerosene lamps for
  lighting.
• Paid fire departments were first created in 1853
  (Cincinnati)
• The automatic fire sprinkler was also created in
  1874.

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The Great Chicago Fire 1871

• Fire burned for 24hrs.
• An estimated 300 people died
• 100,000 were left homeless
• More than 3 square miles of the city center was
  destroyed.
• Property loss was estimated at 200 million.
• 17,500 buildings were destroyed.

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Reformers Help the Poor

• Social Gospel movement - Early reform program
• Leaders preached that people reached salvation by
  helping the poor
• They established Settlement Houses -
• Community centers located in slums that helped
  friendship for poor immigrants.

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Section 3 Objectives

• By the end of this lesson, I will be able to
• 1. Explain the role of political machines and
  political bosses.
• 2. Describe how some politicians greed and fraud
  cost taxpayers millions of dollars.
• 3. Describe the measures taken by presidents
  Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur to reform the spoils
  system.
• 4. Explain the positions taken by presidents
  Cleveland, Harrison, and McKinley on the tariff
  issue.

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Section 3 Politics in the Gilded Age

• Main Idea Local and national political
  corruption in the 19th Century led to calls for
  reform.

• Why it Matters Now Political reforms paved the
  way for a more honest and efficient government in
  the 20th Century and beyond.

• Key Terms
• Political Machine
• Graft
• Patronage
• Civil Service
• Pendleton Civil Service Act

• Key Names
• Boss Tweed
• Rutherford B. Hayes
• James A. Garfield
• Chester A. Arthur
• Grover Cleveland
• Benjamin Harrison

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My favorite day of the week is

• Monday
• Tuesday
• Wednesday
• Thursday
• Friday
• Saturday
• Sunday

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Political Machines

• Since cities were so crowded, the local
  government couldnt control everything
• During late 1800s, many cities were run by a
  Political Machine - an organized group, headed by
  a city boss, that controlled activities in a
  city.
• Offered services to voters businesses in
  exchange for political or financial support.

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The Role of the Political Boss

• What else did the bosses do
• 1. Controlled access to jobs
• 2. Built parks, sewer systems, and waterworks.
• 3. Gave money to hospitals, schools, and
  orphanages.
• So that..people would vote for them!!

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Why do you think that people supported the
political machines?

• Support
• Protection
• Services
• All of the above

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Immigrants and Bosses

• The immigrants liked the idea of political
  machines and bosses. Why?
• 1. Many of the bosses were immigrants themselves
  they spoke their language and battled the same
  hardships.
• 2. They helped the immigrants with Naturalization
  full American citizenship.
• 3. Helped them get jobs and houses
• And in return VOTES!!!

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Why did the bosses often relate well to the
people?

• They liked to be in control
• They were once immigrants themselves
• They didnt
• None of the above

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Election Fraud and Graft

• Many Bosses got rich through GRAFT-the illegal
  use of political influence for personal gain.
• Example By helping a person find work on a
  construction project for the city, a political
  machine could ask the worker to bill the city for
  more than the actual cost of materials and labor.
• The worker then kicked back a portion of the
  earnings to the machine.

The NY City Courthouse was built using Graft money
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Why do you think that people allowed the bosses
to do illegal activities?

• Because they were getting things in return
• They personally liked the bosses
• They didnt like the government
• All of the above

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The Tweed Ring

• Boss Tweed (William M. Tweed) became the head of
  Tammany Hall- NYCs powerful Democratic
  political machine.
• Between 1869-1871 Boss Tweed led a group of
  people (Tweed Ring) in defrauding the city for
  millions of dollars.

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What Did Tweed Do? Story Time!

• The NYC Courthouse was being built. The project
  cost tax payers 13 million, while the actual
  cost was only 3 million! The difference went to
  the Tweed Ring. It is estimated that the Tweed
  Ring stole between 30-200 million dollars from
  NYC.

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Ultimately, who did the Tweed Rings actions hurt
worse?

• Boss Tweed
• The city
• The government
• The taxpayers

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EventuallyThey Got Busted!

• In 1871 the ring was broken.
• Tweed was indicted on 120 counts of fraud and
  extortion and was sentenced to 12 years in jail.
• His sentence got reduced to 1 year but he got in
  trouble again and was arrested.
• While serving this sentence, he escaped to went
  to Spain.

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• What is the significance of the word LAW on the
  torn piece of paper?
• What affect do you think Nast wanted to have on
  his audience?

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Patronage

• National politics were also corrupt Its all
  about who you know.
• Patronage giving of government jobs to people of
  the same party who had helped a candidate get
  elected.
• Shouldnt the job go to the most qualified?

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Civil Service

• Civil Service- Government jobs
• Reformers proposed that civil service jobs would
  go to the most qualified, regardless of political
  views.

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Why was the civil service system a better
system than the spoils system?

• It wasnt
• It allowed political bosses to control the job
  market
• It allowed the most qualified to get hired
• It benefited only the wealthy

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President Hayes

• President Rutherford B. Hayes attempted to reform
  civil service
• Some members of Republican party objected
• He decides not to run for re-election (no
  support)

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Garfields Assassination

• Stalwarts opposed change in patronage system.
• Reformers supported changing the system
• New President James Garfield attempts to reform
  the patronage system and is assassinated
• Chester A. Arthur Garfields VP - Becomes the new
  President

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Why was Garfield assassinated?

• He wasnt liked by the political machines
• He had ties to the reform movement
• He didnt deserve to be the President
• None of the above

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Chester A. Arthur in Action

• Arthurs first message to the Congress was to
  pass the Pendleton Civil Service Act - Created a
  civil service commission to give government jobs
  based on merit, not politics
• This caused politicians to turn to big businesses
  for money