Part D: Health

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Part D Health Disease
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Health Disease

• Nutrition

Every bodys got to eat!
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Introduction

• All animals need nutrition
• Basic understanding of nutrition is required
  ______ focusing on details
• Current headlines fatty acids (trans fats,
  omega-3 vs -6 ratios), herbs supplements,
  preservatives, nutrient management for specific
  conditions

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Introduction

• Whats a natural diet for Cats? Dogs?
• Do all breeds thrive on the same diet?
• What about treats types, amounts?
• Do pets self-regulate their intake?
• Definitions
• _____________
• Refers to taste preferences do they LIKE it?
• _____________
• Refers to intake do they eat ENOUGH?

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Nutrition

• 1. Ingredients vs. nutrients
• 2. Laws labels, requirements calculations
• 3. How to feed what animal is being fed

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Better living through Chemistry

• Ingredients vs. nutrients

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Ingredients vs. nutrients

• Ingredients simple and complex foodstuffs that
  make up the diet
• Nutrients ________ providing nourishment
• Water
• _________
• Lipid (fat)
• Carbohydrates
• Vitamins
• Minerals

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Ingredients

• What do you KNOW about the ingredient?
• Name and definition
• http//www.aafco.org/ingredient_definitions_2004.h
  tml
• General chemical composition
• What do you NOT know?
• -
• -

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Assessing the Diet

• General considerations
• Performance of the animal
• Amounts of nutrients (absolute, relative)
• Digestibility of nutrients
• Quality of nutrients
• Palatability of the whole diet
• Specific nutrient considerations
• Remember animals eat amounts of nutrients
  not s

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Example

• Requirements grams/day or grams/weight but
  label gives in diet
• Dog foods provide 14-23 protein, by label. Dogs
  need _ g protein per kg of body weight
• Stanley weighs 10 kg 20 grams protein/day
• Food A provides 20 protein (20 grams protein per
  100 grams of food) ? Stanley needs to eat 100
  grams of this food per day
• Food B provides 15 protein (15 grams protein per
  100 grams of food) ? Fido needs to eat ____ grams
  of THIS food per day

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Evaluating Nutrients

• Water
• Energy
• Protein
• Lipid (fat)
• Minerals
• Vitamins

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Water

• Requirements
• Average 60 ml/kg (1 oz/lb weight)
• Need more? Hot and/or humid, working, pregnant,
  lactating, life stage puppy or kitten
• Need less? Cat lt dog, others?
• DAILY Access to clean, fresh water
• Temperature of the water
• _________ or cooler is best
• Aversions to hot or ice cold

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Water

• What are the sources?
• Fresh water
• Food (dry 10 moisture, canned 75)
• __________________
• What is it used for? Adequate hydration for
• Nutrient digestion, ___________, transport
• Biochemical reactions in the body
• Body temperature control
• Lubrication (ex joint fluid, tears, saliva)
• Waste elimination

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Protein

• Protein ___ body weight (dry weight)
• Where in the body?
• Muscle gt bone, cartilagegt skin gt other cells
• Functions?
• Energy, support, movement, metabolic reactions
  (enzymes), immune system, hormones, cell tissue
  growth and repair
• ? Taste
• Storage sites? _____, need daily intake

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Protein

• Absolute amount in the food
• Amino acid composition
• Essential AAs PVT MATT HILL
• Cats vs. dogs taurine
• non-essential AAs
• Balance
• Quality Digestibilty
• Not all proteins are equal!
• Egg vs. leather
• Soy vs. meats, fish
• Cereals vs. legumes

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Lipid

• What is it?
• Hydrocarbon chains
• No CC bonds? Solid, _________ C-C-C-C-C
• One CC? may be solid, mono-unsaturated
  C-CC-C-C-C
• More CCs? Oils, polyunsaturated (PUFAs)
• C-C-CC-CC-CC
• Storage sites?
• Adipose tissue within cells (liver, kidney,
  muscle, heart)

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Lipid

• Whats it good for?
• Energy (light weight because water-free)
• Cell membrane structure
• Vitamin absorption (A, D, E, K)
• Metabolic reactions
• Temperature control (insulation) protection
  (padding)
• ? ____________

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Lipid

• Amount in food
• Essential fatty acid composition
• n-6 fatty acids
• n-3 fatty acids
• Rancidity reason for preservatives (ex vitamin
  E)
• Trans fats?

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Carbohydrates

• Main Sources
• Grains
• Vegetables, legumes
• Sweets, treats
• What are they used for?
• ________ (or to dilute food calories)
• Biochemical reactions GI function
• Taste of foods? Cooked vs. raw starch
• Where are they stored?
• Plants (polysaccharides, starch, fiber)
• Animals (adipose)

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Vitamins

• Fat soluble (oxidation loss)
• A
• D
• E
• K

• Water soluble (processing loss)
• Thiamin
• Riboflavin
• Niacin
• Pantothenic Acid
• Pyridoxine (B6)
• Folic Acid
• Biotin
• B12
• C

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Minerals

• Minerals 5 of the body, cant synthesize ?
  must get in food
• Macro - required in large amounts. Express as
  of dry diet.
•      __________
•      ___________
•      Sodium
•      Chlorine
•      Potassium
•      ____________
•      Sulfur

• Micro - required in relatively small amounts.
•      Iron (Fe)
•      Iodine (I)
•      Copper (Cu)
•      Zinc (Zn)
•      Selenium (Se)
•      Co, F, Mn, Mo, Cr

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Vitamins Minerals

• Uses in pet food
• Provide co-factors for key molecules of
  metabolism (ex enzymes, antioxidants)
• Enhance __________ of food ? acceptability
• Provide building blocks for tissues and organs
  (ex Ca P for bones, vitamin C for connective
  tissue)
• __________ presence or absence may drive
  purchase of foods supplements

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There are rules for this, yknow
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Rules Requirements

• Labels
• Pet food supervision and regulation
• Cat and dog nutrient requirements
• Calculations

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Marketing Concepts

• Specific Purpose Food
• All Purpose Food
• Low Price
• People Food
• Variety Flavors
• Presence of a Food
• Absence of a Food
• Nutrient Content
• Product Name

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Pet Foods

• Types
• Evaluating Labels
• Evaluating diets

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Food types

• Dry foods
• Economical
• Convenient
• Dental health?
• Acidity (cats)

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Brands

• Popular
• Sold in Grocery
• Heavily advertised
• Variable formula
• Moderate digestibility
• Feeding trials

• Premium
• Vet,pet, feed stores
• Heavily advertised
• Fixed formula
• Higher digestibility
• Feeding trials

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Rules Requirements

• Labels
• Legal documents fluff
• What has to be on the label
• 1. Net weight
• 2. Food type
• 3. ______________________
• 4. Ingredient list
• 5. Nutrition claim
• 6. Correspondence address
• 7. Feeding directions
• Whats fluff?
• Words like Premium
• Starbursts, pictures, color choices

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Proximate Analysis
Feed Sample (100 gm)
Moisture
Dry Matter
Ether extraction
Nitrogen assay
Crude Fat
Fat-free residue
Crude Protein
Boil in acid and alkali
Crude fiber ash
Burn
Ash
Crude Fiber
Carbohydrate (Nitrogen-free extract) 100 - (
protein fiber ash fat)
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Rules Requirements

• Pet food supervision and regulation

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Who Regulates Pet Food Labels?

• F.D.A. A.A.F.C.O.
• F.T.C. State Law
• U.S.D.A.

USDA (FSIS) U.S. Dept of Agricultures Food
safety inspection service (hazard) FDA Food
Drug Administration FTC Federal Trade
Commission State Laws State feed control
officials AAFCO ______________________________
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State Feed Control Officer

• Ohio Dept. of Agriculture
• Reynoldsburg,OH
• [phone]

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AAFCO Feeding Studies

• Studies growth, maintenance, weight management,
  gestation/lactation
• Animals 8 or more per study
• Time 14 - 26 weeks (depending on study)
• Feeding ad lib
• Monitoring physical exam, body weight, CBCs,
  serum chemistry panels, cats taurine
• PROVIDE ____________ NOT enforcement!

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Feeding Trials FindBig ProblemsThey might miss
Small Problems
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Rules Requirements

• Cat and dog nutrient requirements
• References
• NRC National Research Council
• Nutrient requirements of dogs
• Nutrient requirements of cats
• AAFCO annual publications
• Ingredient definitions
• Diet profile requirements
• Feeding trial specifications

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Rules Requirements

• Cat and dog nutrient requirements
• Water
• 1 oz per lb. body weight
• _________________________
• 2.5 ml X grams dry matter intake
• Energy
• Kcal/day (30 X kg body weight) 70 (for
  2-50kg)
• Kcal/day 140kg0.75 (dog), 100kg0.75 (cat)
• Protein
• Dogs 2 g/kg body weight per day
• Cats, ferrets, foxes, polar bears __ g/kg per
  day
• People, cows 1 g/kg per day

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Energy

• GE total combustible energy
• DE GE - fecal energy (30)
• ME DE - (urine E gas E) (10)
• NE ME - (heat of fermentation metabolism)
  (20)

GE DE ME NE
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Rules Requirements

• Calculations
• Determination of carbohydrate amount
• Determination of metabolizable energy
• Estimations of _____ requirements when eating
  that diet
• ______ considerations are we meeting the
  animals needs?

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Calorie calculation

• Example brand-name canned cat food
• Label says
• Protein 10.0
• Fat 5.5
• Fiber 1.0
• Moisture 78
• Carbohydrate (by subtraction) 100 (10 5.5
  1 78) 5.5

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Calorie calculation

• Example brand-name low calorie canned cat food
• Convert to grams
• Protein 10.0 grams
• Fat 5.5 grams
• Fiber 1.0 grams
• Moisture 78 grams
• Carbohydrate 5.5 grams
• Total 100 grams
• How many Kcal Metabolizable energy in 100 grams
  of this food?

• Protein 10 g x 3.5 kcal/g 35 kcal ME
• Fat 5.5 g x 8.5 kcal/g 46.8 kcal ME
• CHO 5.5 g x 3.5 kcal/g _____ kcal ME
• Total 101 kcal/100 grams (1 kcal/g)

Let (per gram) protein 3.5 Kcal ME, CHO 3.5
Kcal ME, fat ___ Kcal ME
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Water calculation

• Cat eats 300 Kcal ME per day
• Diet provides 1 Kcal/gram ? 300 grams food intake
  per day.
• Diet contains 78 water ? 0.78 x ____ 238 ml
  water intake per day
• Cats requirement ml water Kcal ______
• Cat needs to drink about 62 ml (2oz) additional
  water each day

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Protein consideration

• Cat average 5 kg (11 lb)
• Energy need 300 Kcal per day
• Water need 300 ml per day
• Protein need __ g/kg body weight 20 grams
• Food provides 10 protein
• Cat eats 300 grams/day
• Protein intake 0.10 X ___
• 30 grams/day

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Calorie calculation

• Example brand-name dry dog food
• Label says
• Protein 29.3
• Fat 17.7
• Fiber 1.8
• Moisture 8
• Ash 5.7
• Carbohydrate (by subtraction) 100 (29.3
  17.7 1.8 8 5.7) _____

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Calorie calculation

• Example brand-name dry dog food
• Label says in 100 g
• Protein 29.3 g
• Fat 17.7 g
• Fiber 1.8 g
• Moisture 8 g
• Ash 5.7 g
• Carbohydrate (by subtraction) 37.5 g

• Protein 29.3 g x 3.5 kcal/g 102.5 kcal ME
• Fat 17.7 g x 8.5 kcal/g ______ kcal ME
• CHO 37.5 g x 3.5 kcal/g 131 kcal ME
• Total ____ kcal/100 grams of food (3.84
  kcal/g)

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Water consideration

• Medium breed dog 20 kg (45 lb)
• Energy per day (30 x 20 kg) 70 670 Kcal
• Diet provides 3.84 Kcal/gram
• Dog needs to eat 175 grams per day of this food
• Water per day ______ ml
• Diet provides 8 moisture
• Dog eats _____ grams X 0.08 14 ml water from
  this food
• Dog needs to drink 656 ml (22 oz, 3 cups/day)

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Protein consideration

• Medium breed dog (20 kg)
• Energy need 670 Kcal per day
• Water need 670 ml per day
• Protein need 2 g/kg body weight 40 grams
• Food provides 29.3 protein
• Dog eats 175 grams/day
• Protein intake 0.293 X _____ 51 grams/day

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Calorie calculation

• Example medically restricted food for dogs
• Label says
• Protein 18
• Fat 12
• Fiber 4
• Moisture 10
• Carbohydrate (by subtraction) 100 (18 12
  4 10) 56

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Calorie calculation

• Example brand-name dry dog food
• Label says in 100 g
• Protein 18 g
• Fat 12 g
• Fiber 4 g
• Moisture 10 g
• Carbohydrate (by subtraction) 56 g

• Protein 18 g x 3.5 kcal/g ____ kcal ME
• Fat 12 g x 8.5 kcal/g 102 kcal ME
• CHO 56 g x 3.5 kcal/g 196 kcal ME
• Total 361 kcal/100 grams of food (3.6 kcal/g)

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Water consideration

• Medium breed dog 20 kg (45 lb)
• Energy per day (30 x 20 kg) 70 670 Kcal
• Diet provides 3.6 Kcal/gram
• Dog needs to eat 186 grams per day of this food
• Water per day ______ ml
• Diet provides 10 moisture
• Dog eats ____ grams X 0.08 19 ml water from
  this food
• Dog needs to drink 651 ml (22 oz, 3 cups/day)

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Protein consideration

• Medium breed dog (20 kg)
• Energy need 670 Kcal per day
• Water need 670 ml per day
• Protein need 2 g/kg body weight 40 grams
• Food provides 18 protein
• Dog eats 186 grams/day
• Protein intake 0.18 X 186 ____ grams/day

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CALCULATIONS are only GUIDELINES OBSERVE the
PET!
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Look whos coming to dinner?
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Look whos coming to dinner

• How to feed
• Food intake
• Methods
• Which species
• is being fed?
• Dogs or Cats
• Considerations
• Life stage
• Body condition score (_____ COVER)
• Muscle condition/activity level
• Example weight management issues

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How to Feed

• Free choice ad libitum, ad lib.
• Meal feeding time restricted
• Meal feeding ______ restricted

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Food Intake
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How to Feed

• Free choice ad libitum, ad lib
• () convenient, low work (owner), lower stress
  begging (pet), less competition, less coprophagy
• (-) _____________________, monitoring food intake
• Most effective
• Kennels of active dogs
• Multi-pet households with
• no weight issues
• Pregnant or lactating pets

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How to Feed

• Meal feeding time restricted
• Owner chooses how long food is available at each
  meal and how often food is offered
• () any food type, pet decides amount to eat
• (-) picky or private eaters, overeating or
  wolfing food (may lead to indigestion)
• Works best if feeding canned or _________ foods
  and for some weight management

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How to Feed

• Meal feeding ________ restricted
• Owner chooses how much food is fed AND how often
  food is offered
• () control over intake and time, food types,
  _______________________________
• (-) more work for owner, wolfing food
  (indigestion)

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Which species is being fed?

• CATS are not small dogs!
• Some dietary
• differences
• CALORIES and PROTEIN
• CAT food is high _________ high fat, SO cats
  cant live on dog food, dogs get fat on cat food.
• CATS need TAURINE in their diet, some large
  breeds of dogs may need this too!
• FATS
• CATS need _____________ ACID, dogs can make it
  from other essential fatty acids

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More about cats

• Vitamins
• CATS need VITAMIN A, dogs can use ß-carotene to
  make vit. A
• CATS need NIACIN, dogs make it from tryptophan
• Cats are strict ________________!

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Look whos coming to dinner

• Example weight management issues
• Considerations
• Life stage neuter status
• Body condition
• Muscle condition
• ____________________

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Weight management

• ___ () of our nations pets are overweight
• Any species can be overweight dogs, cats,
  reptiles, snakes, birds, rodents, fish
• ________ need to learn optimal
• body condition and how to
• regulate food intake
• Animals must stay active to
• achieve optimal health and
• weight management
• Health issues