Chapter 16: Exploration and Expansion

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Chapter 16Exploration and Expansion

• Section 1
• The Scientific
• Revolution

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From Magic to Science

• Before the Renaissance scholars and natural
  philosophers relied on religious teachings and
  classical Greek and Roman literature to explain
  the mysteries of the world
• During the Renaissance philosophers and
  scientists such as Roger Bacon began to favor a
  system based on scientific experiment
• During the Scientific Revolution people began
  using mathematics and experiments and were free
  to question ideas and beliefs
• The new approach produced answers to questions in
  physics, astronomy and anatomy forming the basis
  of todays sciences

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The New Study of Nature

• Scientists began forming conclusions on theories
  based on their own senses, scientific
  instruments, math and experiments
• The newly invented scientific instruments
  included microscopes, barometers, telescopes, air
  pumps and thermometers.
• They developed the scientific method in which
  scientists believed no assumption could be
  trusted without repeat experimentation

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Galileos telescopes
One of the first air pumps
Early microscopes
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Thinkers at that time were particularity
interested in
Astronomy the study of the stars, planets and
other bodies in the sky
Physics the study of changes and properties of
matter and energy
Anatomy the study of the human body
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Copernicus

• Early astronomer Ptolemy stated the universe was
  geocentric (earth-centered) or that the sun and
  planets revolved around the earth
• Polish scientist Nicolaus Copernicus argued that
  the universe was heliocentric or centered around
  the sun
• When he published his theory in 1543, people said
  the theory was illogical to their senses.
• Everyone could see the heavens revolved around
  the Earth and could feel that the Earth did not
  move

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Copernicus and his Heliocentric Model
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Kepler and Galileo

• Later Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei brought
  Copernicus theories to light
• Kepler, a mathematician, used models, observation
  and math to prove heliocentric theory to be true.
  He published his laws of planetary motion in
  1609. Many still did not believe
• Galileo built his own telescope and began
  studying the heavens. He saw the craters on the
  moon, the rings of Saturn and he sketched all
  that he observed and published his findings in
  1632.
• Church scholars disapproved and said the
  telescope was an instrument of the devil.

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Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei
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Newton

• In 1687, Isaac Newton published a book that
  expanded on the teachings of Copernicus, Kepler
  and Galileo.
• Newton realized that the force that holds the
  planets in their orbits was the same force that
  caused objects to fall to Earth
• He proposed the universal law of gravitation and
  moreover the force can be measured
• He also explained the laws of motion and
  developed a mathematical way to measure motion as
  well
• In one swoop Newtons work explained the laws of
  motion and gravitation

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Sir Isaac Newton
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Vesalius and Harvey

• A Flemish Scientist, Andreas Vesalius, published
  a seven volume book called On the Fabric of the
  Human Body in which he wrote and illustrated the
  components of the body and how they worked
  together.
• English physician, William Harvey, described the
  circulation of the blood, how the blood moved
  through the veins and arteries and how the heart
  functions

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Andreas Vesalius and illustrations from his book
On the Fabric of the Human Body
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The Triumph of the New Science

• Rene Descartes created a mathematical description
  of the way light reflects off of a smooth surface
  in the law of refraction
• Gottfried Liebnitz developed calculus
• Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (LAY-ven-hook) discovered
  bacteria and other life forms never seem by the
  human eye
• Robert Boyle pioneered chemistry by showing that
  temperature and pressure affect the space that a
  gas occupies
• Antoine Lavoisier proved that matter can change
  form and cannot be created nor destroyed by
  experimenting with fire, oxygen, steam and air

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Section review

• natural philosophers relied on religious
  teachings and classical Greek and Roman
  literature to explain what?
• scientific method in which scientists believed no
  assumption could be trusted without repeat
  experimentation
• Ptolemy stated the universe was geocentric _____
  ________
• heliocentric is where the universe is centered
  around the ___
• Newtons work explained what laws?

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Rene Descartes law of Refraction