Kingdom Protista

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PROTISTS
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Protist classification

• eukaryotic
• mostly unicellular
• The protist kingdom is a dumping ground
  includes organisms that have exceptions to the
  many rules that scientists attempt to apply to
  them.

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Kingdom Protista

• Animal like -- Protozoa (zooplankton)
• Plant like-- Alga (phytoplankton)
• Fungi like -- Slime and Water Molds

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Protozoa

• Heterotrophic (eat dead things or other
  organisms)
• No cell walls
• Are all capable of asexual reproduction usually
  by binary fission

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What distinguishes these?
By locomotion
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Animal-like Protists-Protozoa
Phylum Sarcodinian -move with pseudopods -ex.
amoebas ( foraminifera and radiolaria) -One
type of amoeba causes dysentery. Phylum
Ciliphora - ciliates (cilia) -ex Paramecium,
Blepharisma, Stentor Vorticella. Phylum
Zooflagellates - flagellates also called
zoomastigina. Many cause disease in humans. -ex
Trypanosoma which causes African s.s. or
Giardia Phylum Sporozoa -nonmotile, spore
bearing, -all parasitic -ex. Plasmodium which
causes malaria.
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Sarcodinian

• Locomotion
• pseudopodia all
• allows for great flexibility
• Types (life styles)
• Amoeba marine/terres/parasitic
• Distinctive feature
• Ameobiod movement
• Cytoplasmic streaming

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Sarcodinian
Nucleus Water Vacuole Food vacuole Pseudopodia Con
tractile Vacuole (not shown)

• Examples
• Amoeba proteus
• Entamoeba hixtolyca (causes amoebic dysentery)

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Ciliaphorans

• Locomotion
• cilia
• Lifestyle
• most free living
• aquatic
• Distinctive feature
• two nuclei
• macro boss
• micro sex. repro
• Examples
• Paramecium
• Stentor, Vorticella
• Blepherisma

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Cilliates
Oral groove
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Paramecium Conjugaton
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Zooflagellates(zoomastigote)

• Locomotion
• flagella
• Lifestyle
• most free-living
• some parasitic
• Distinctive features
• most carried by vectors
• from reservoir
• Examples
• Trypanosoma African s.s.
• Giardia

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Vector

• An organism
• usually an arthropod or mollusca
• Carries a pathogen
• without being effected by it
• Example Bubonic plague
• Flea carries the disease

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Flagellates
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Sporozoans (Apicomplexians)

• Locomotion
• none (flagella in some phases)
• Lifestyle
• all parasitic
• Examples
• Plasmodium vivax
• causes Malaria
• Toxoplasma gondii
• causes toxoplasmosis

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Sporozoans
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Mosquito Facts

• Mosquitoes are responsible for more human death
  than any other living creature.
• Male mosquitoes do not bite. The real risk is
  from female mosquitoes which bite when in search
  of a blood meal to provide protein for their
  eggs.
• Most adult mosquitoes live for about two weeks.
• There are over 2,500 species of mosquitoes in the
  world.
• The welts that appear after a mosquito leaves
  isn't from the bite - it's an allergic reaction
  to saliva the mosquito injected under the skin to
  prevent the blood from clotting
• Mosquitoes like dark areas and will suck the
  juice out of plants in order to live - including
  tree leaves, grass, shrubs, etc

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AlgaePlant like Protists

• Autotrophic (all have chlorophyll a)
• Have cell wall
• Alga are divided by pigments, cell wall types,
  and food storage compounds
• FYI
• Thallus - body portion of an algae
• Blue green algae are not protists at all-- they
  are Cyanobacteria, a moneran (lab)
• Watch the green algae, because of their
  similarities with them, they are probably the
  ancestors of modern plants

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Algae Plant-like Protists

• Unicellular
• Phylum Euglenophyta
• Euglena
• Phylum Chyrsophyta (Bacillariophyta)
• golden algae
• diatoms
• Phylum Pyrrophyta
• fire algae
• Dinoflagellates

• Multicellular
• Phylum Rhodophyta
• red algae
• red seaweed.
• Phylum Phaeophyta
• brown algae
• kelp
• Phylum Chlorophyta
• green algae
• Volvox

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Chlorophytagreen algae

• Pigments (like plants)
• chl a,b
• carotenoids
• Cell wall cellulose (like plants)
• Storage starch (like plants)
• Ancestors of plants
• Can be unicellular, filimentous, colonial, and
  multicellular
• Motile - uni and colonial
• Habitat fresh water

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Algae Structure

• Unicellular
• single cell
• phytoplankton
• Filamentous
• the cells divide but do not separate causing long
  strands
• cells do not differentiate
• Colonial
• groups of cells acting in a coordinated manner
• Multicellular
• Some differentiation

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Example 1 of Chlorophytagreen algae
Chlamydomonos - Unicellular - Motile,
Flagellated
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Example 2 of Chlorophytagreen algae

• Spirogyra
• Filimentous
• - the cells divide but do not separate causing
  long strands
• -cells do not differentiate

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Example 3 of Chlorophytagreen algae

• Volvox , Pandorina
• Colonial
• Cells have different roles
• flagellated cells
• photosynthetic
• gametocytes
• Cells not trully differentiated

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Example 4 of Chlorophytagreen algae

• Ulva (sea lettuce)
• Multicellular
• Reproduces by alternation of generations

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Phaeophytabrown algae

• Pigments
• chl a,c
• carotenoids
• Fucoxanthin

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Phaeophytabrown algae

• Examples
• kelp
• parts of kelp
• holdfast, stipe,
• blade,
• bladder
• temperate seaweed
• All multicellular
• habitat
• salt water
• nonmotile

blade
bladder
stipe
holdfast
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Rhodophytared algae

• pigments
• chl a
• carotenoids
• Phycoblins
• cell wall
• CaCO3

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Rhodophytared algae

• examples
• tropical
• red seaweed
• multicellular
• habitat
• salt water
• nonmotile

agar
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Pyrrophytafire algaedinoflagellata

• pigments
• chl a,c
• carotenoids
• peridinum
• cell wall
• cellulose
• food storage
• starch

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Pyrrophytafire algae

• Examples dinoflagellates
• unicellular
• habitat
• fresh/salt
• motile
• biflagellates

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PyrrophytaDinoflagellatesred tide
cause red tideoften phosphorescent Algal
bloom Toxins
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Chrysophyta golden algae

• Pigment
• chl a,b
• carotenoids
• fucoxanthin
• cell wall
• silica cell wall
• food storage
• oil

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Chrysophyta golden algae

• Example diatoms
• Unicellular (some colonial)
• motile raphe
• habitat
• salt/fresh water
• reproduction
• asexual
• sexual

FORM Diatomaceous Earth Petroleum Deposits
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Euglenophyta

• Pigment
• chl a
• chl b
• carotenoids
• Cell Wall
• protein pellicle
• Food Storage
• polysaccharide

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Euglenophyta

• Examples
• Euglena,
• Astasia (can lose its chloroplasts and become
  heterotrophic)
• all unicellular
• motile flagella
• Habitat
• fresh water

eyespot
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Fungus-like protists

• Heterotrophic with external digestion.
• Absorptive nutrition
• similar lifestyle as fungi
• multicellular multinucleate
• 2 groups (based on cell type)
• Water molds are composed of filaments of cells.
• Phylum Oomycota
• Slime molds are amoeba-like.
• Phylum Myxomycota
• Phylum Acrasiomycota

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Oomycetes

• Known as
• water molds
• have cellulose in cell wall
• ex water molds and downy mildews
• have branching filaments called hyphae

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Oomycetes

• Causes
• one cause of ick grows on decaying aquatic life

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Oomycetes

• Cell wall
• cellulose
• Body structure
• branching filaments
• few cell walls

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Oomycetes

• Causes
• potato blight
• root, fruit, crown rot
• puckeye rot

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Oomycetes

• Causes
• downy mildew
• round worm parasite

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Chytridiomycota

• Known as
• Water Mold
• Reproduction
• flagellated sex cells
• Probable ancestor of modern fungi

Sprogyra with chytrid parasite
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Chytridiomycota

• Habitat
• aquatic
• Cell wall
• chitin like fungi
• Body structure
• long filaments
• Mostly Unicellular
• Mostly Parasites

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Myxomycota

• Example is plasmodial slime molds
• multinucleate

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Myxomycota

• Habitat Terrestrial

• Body structure
• One enormous cell (plasmodium)
• many nuclei
• covered in slime sheath
• leaves a slime track

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Myxomycota

• Life Cycle (reproduction)
• spends most of life as a plasmodium
• produces fruiting bodies with gametes
• gametes behave like amoebas
• two gametes meet--gt produce new plasmodium

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Myxomycota

• Life Cycle (reproduction)
• spends most of life as a plasmodium
• produces fruiting bodies with gametes
• gametes behave like amoebas
• two gametes meet--gt produce new plasmodium

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Acrasiomycota

• Example is cellular slime molds

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Acrasiomycota

• Life Cycle
• most of life as AMOEBA
• one nucleus
• haploid
• in stress, come together
• form slug or grex
• send up fruiting body
• newly hatched cells are amoeba

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