History Revision Australian History 1945 - 1990

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History RevisionAustralian History 1945 - 1990
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Chifley Years 1945 - 1949

• Chifley, Ben (1885-1951), served as prime
  minister of Australia from 1945 to 1949. He
  became prime minister and leader of the Labor
  Party one month before the end of World War II
  (1939-1945), succeeding John Curtin, who died in
  office.
• Chifley was prime minister at a difficult time in
  Australia's history. The Chifley government felt
  that many of the controls and regulations that
  had governed the economy during wartime should
  not be relaxed too quickly. Continuation of some
  of these restrictions, particularly gasoline
  rationing, into the late 1940's irritated many
  people. In 1947, the government attempted to
  nationalize the private banks. This provided
  incentive for the anti-Labor forces, which had
  been recently reorganized by Robert Gordon
  Menzies, to campaign against the policies of the
  Chifley government. At the general election of
  1949, the Labor government was defeated. Joseph
  Benedict Chifley was born in Bathurst, New South
  Wales.

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Chifley Years 1945 - 1949

• Problems of post war government - employment and
  compensation of ex-servicemen, maintain
  diversification of economy and get normal
  business (suspended during war) back up and
  running - exp. Housing industry.
• Aims - Increase population - by 2
  Post-war Immigration Scheme - White
  Aust. Policy of 1901
• Public Ownership of Banks - Bank Nationalisation
  
• Australia dependent on Primary Production
• Welfare State
• Strong Govt. control of economy to achieve social
  goals
• Postwar Reconstruction Schemes - Snowy Mt Hydro
  Electric Scheme - mostly new immigrants and
  ex-servicemen.
• Coal Strike Communism - post war fear of
  Communism. Labor labeled as Communist. Coal
  Strike against Labor principals but also look
  like communists.
• Foreign Policy - Independent Foreign Policy -
  Supported independence for Indonesia
• Election of 1949 - Labor lost to Menzies - why?

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Cold War 1945 - 1980s

• USSR, China, Korea Communist - Fear of Communism
  taking over the world - greatly influenced
  western power foreign policy. Exp - west
  supported brutal corrupt dictators for no better
  reason than they opposed communist govt.
• USSR USA - Both hostile without going to war -
  why? - both sides had nuclear weapons. -
  Both sides use propaganda - Capitalist spies
  killed in USSR and in Capitalist countries
  socialists, trade unionists, advocates of civil
  rights and racial equality, supporters of
  colonies seeking independence all labeled reds
  - loose your job, hinder you from influencing
  people ie teachers, stop you publishing novels,
  books and papers.
• The Cold War was characterized by mutual
  distrust, suspicion, and misunderstandings by
  both the United States and the Soviet Union, and
  their allies. At times, these conditions
  increased the likelihood of a third world war.
  The United States accused the Soviet Union of
  seeking to expand Communism throughout the world.
  The Soviets, meanwhile, charged the United States
  with practicing imperialism and with attempting
  to stop revolutionary activity in other
  countries.

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Cold War Time Line
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Post War Immigration

• Immigration Minister - Arthur Calwell
• White Australia Policy of 1901
• Most desirable - British, white english speaking
  - Ireland, Scotland etc.
• Other less desirables from Europe - European
  countries, war torn, refugees - Latvia, Poland,
  Italy, Greece etc.
• Change Australian Society - Economically,
  Socially and Politically - workforce, influence
  of new cultures on our food, hospitality
  industry, architecture, entertainment, financial
  contribution to society - buying of goods and
  services, increased the population, were used as
  a labour class, while low income Australians had
  higher paid employment, White Australia Policy -gt
  Multiculturalism, multicultural ethinically
  diverse Australia
• Involved in reconstruction schemes - Snowy Mt
  Hydro Scheme
• Australias Immigration Policies
• Assimilation - 1901 mid 1960s - assimilate
  different cultures into ours, loss of culture
• Integration - mid1960s - 1973 - not necessarily
  a loss of culture but individuals had to
  participate in an integrated Aust. Culture.
• Multiculturalism - 1973 - maintain and promotion
  of cultures, a celebration of the difference.

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Menzies Era 1949 - 1966

• Australian Way of Life
• Menzies Liberal Conservative Prime Minister
• Period of Prosperity - Economic Boom, The Lucky
  Country, Consumerism, Increase in standard of
  living, the suburbs.
• Automobile - became available to the average
  Australian - suburbs developed
• Womens role was in the home despite having
  played a large role in running the country during
  WWII
• Influences - from Britain and America - Music,
  fashion magazines. Exp. Rock Roll, the
  Beatles.
• Cold War and the threat of Communism - The Red
  Menace - 1951 Referrendum, SEATON,
• Australian dream owning your own home and car -
  for many this was achievable
• Foreign Policy
• All the way with the LBJ(USA)
• Very conservative
• SEATO, ANZUS
• Refused to condemn white minority repressive
  regime in South Africa. Menzies was deeply
  troubled when South Africa was not allowed to
  compete in Commonwealth Games due to racist
  regime.

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Menzies Era 1949 - 1966

• Menzies, Sir Robert Gordon (1894-1978), served as
  prime minister of Australia from 1939 to 1941 and
  from 1949 to 1966. He served longer than any
  other prime minister in Australian history.
  Menzies helped found the Liberal Party of
  Australia. He dominated Australian political life
  during the 1950's and 1960's.
• As prime minister, Menzies presided over great
  changes in the Australian way of life. During the
  16 years of his second prime ministership, the
  Australian economy grew steadily, particularly in
  manufacturing. The average citizen prospered
  during this period.
• The steady growth of the Australian economy
  benefited Menzies's second period as prime
  minister. He increased government support of
  higher education. In the early 1950's, Menzies
  supported a failed referendum to ban Australia's
  Communist Party. He sent Australian troops to
  fight with United Nations (UN) forces in the
  Korean War (1950-1953). He also sent soldiers to
  serve in the Vietnam War (1957-1975) on the side
  of South Vietnam and the United States.
• Menzies never lost his love and admiration for
  the British. He had a particular affection for
  the royal family. As prime minister, he acted as
  host to Queen Elizabeth II on her visits to
  Australia in 1954 and 1963. In 1963, the queen
  made him a knight of the Order of the Thistle,
  the second highest order the British monarch can
  bestow. In 1965, Menzies was made lord warden of
  the cinque ports, succeeding the famous British
  statesman Sir Winston Churchill.
• Menzies retired from politics in 1966. He died on
  May 15, 1978.

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Korean War

• Korea split into North and South at the 38
  parallel - North Communist, South Non-Communist.
  USSR China support north, United Nations, US
  and allies support the south.
• The Korean War began on June 25, 1950, when
  troops from Communist-ruled North Korea invaded
  South Korea. The UN called the invasion a
  violation of international peace and demanded
  that the Communists withdraw from South Korea.
  After the Communists kept fighting, the UN asked
  its member nations to give military aid to South
  Korea. Sixteen UN countries sent troops to help
  the South Koreans, and 41 countries sent military
  equipment or food and other supplies. The United
  States provided about 90 percent of the troops,
  military equipment, and supplies that were sent
  to South Korea. China fought on the side of North
  Korea, and the Soviet Union gave military
  equipment to the North Koreans.
• The Korean War ended on July 27, 1953, when the
  UN and North Korea signed an armistice agreement.
  A permanent peace treaty between South Korea and
  North Korea has never been signed. However,
  United States military forces remain in South
  Korea to discourage a resumption of hostilities
  between the two parts of Korea.
• The Korean War was one of the bloodiest wars in
  history. About a million South Korean civilians
  were killed and several million were made
  homeless. More than 560,000 UN and South Korean
  troops and about 1,600,000 Communist troops were
  killed or wounded or were reported missing.

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Korean War

• Statement issued by Acheson (Jan 1950) -
  Korea/Formosa outside defensive perimeter.
• Twenty Fifth June attack by North Korea.
• Action by US/UN
• Landing at Inchon
• Entry of China into the conflict
• MacArthur sacked - Ridgeway in charge
• Armistice talks begin at Kaeson - Panmunjom
• Truman out - Eisenhower elected (Nov 1952) - more
  aggressive foreign policy
• Ending of conflict - signing of armistice
  agreement (27th July 1953)

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Red Scare/Communism

• Fear of communism in the 1950s in Australia was
  nothing new. Since the Russian Revolution in 1917
  and WWI Russia had been accused of betrayal and
  treachery. Across the other side of the world few
  people understood what Communism was and believed
  Politicians when they explained it in simple
  terms of forced labour, the destruction of the
  family and the persecution of Christians. This
  fear generated by anti-communist propaganda was
  used by conservatives in society to maintain
  their position of political power.
• Evidence of Fear of Communism
• - Cold War - 1945 - 1980
• Chifleys Bank Nationalization Acts and attempts
  to nationalize airlines helped the Liberal Party
  to remove them from office. Coal Strike
• 1951 Referendum - April Menzies tried to intro.
  Bill to ban the Communist Party of Australia.
  Bill passed in Parliament but the High Court
  ruled it invalid. Menzies then turned to the
  people - referendum failed.
• Korean War - 1950 - 1953 - Aust. Supported UN,
  USA South Korean troops to stop the spread of
  Communism.
• ANZUS - 1951 - Aust., NZ and USA - stop the
  spread of communism
• SEATO - 1954 - USA, Britain, France, Aust., NZ,
  Thailand, Pakistan, Philippines, - all
  anti-communist states to promote self govt. and
  independence of all countries.
• Eisenhower Domino Theory - One nation in SE
  Asia falls to communism the rest will like
  Dominos.
• Petrov Affair - April 1954
• Vietnam War - Aust. sent advisors in 1962 and
  troops from 1965 - 1972

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What is Communism?

• Communism is a political and economic system that
  became one of the most powerful forces in the
  world. It shaped much of history from the early
  1900's to the 1990's. Some people have considered
  Communism the greatest threat to world peace.
  Others have looked on it as the world's greatest
  hope.
• According to Communists, their long-range goal is
  a society that provides equality and economic
  security for all. Communists traditionally have
  called for government ownership rather than
  private ownership of land, factories, and other
  economic resources, called the means of
  production. They also have called for government
  planning of economic activity, and for strict
  rule by the Communist Party.

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Petrov Affair April 1954

• - Vladamir and Evdoka Petrov arrive in 1954 to
  Australia to take up positions in the
• Russian Embassy. From the 1930s both the
  Petrovs had been members of Russian
  intelligence.
• - 1951 Petrov engages a Polish doctor to begin
  work as a Russian agent. But the doctor already
• works for ASIO. Later Petrov becomes oware of the
  doctors association with ASIO.
• - A federal election was due to be held on 29 of
  May 1954. A half-senate election held in
• 1953 gave the Labor Party 50.61 of the vote for
  that election as opposed to the combined
• vote of the combined Liberal Country Parties at
  44.43.
• - 1954 Petrov quits the Russian Embassy and makes
  to the Aust. Govt. through the ASIO
• a request for political asylum.
• - Evodoka Petrov is taken by force to a plane
  leaving Sydney Airport via Darwin back to Russia.
• - Evodoka and her husband are granted political
  asylum in a last-minute drama at the Darwin
• Airport.
• - 1 month later elections are held. Results
• Liberal Party 47.06 of total votes - 64 seats
• Labor Party 50.03 of total votes - 57 seats

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Vietnam War 1962 - 1975

• Background
• Menzies Govt., Red Scare, Cold War, Communist
  Threat, ANZUS, Korean War, SEATO
• Vietnam
• - French Colonial Rule(1858 - WWII), Japanese
  Occupation (WWII), French Colonial Rule but
  Vietnam wanted independence Conflict 1945 - 1954
  Battle of Dien Bien Phu Vietnam gained
  independence.
• Civil war between North South and a war of
  ideologies - Communism Capitalism
• North Vietnam Communist - supported by China and
  USSR
• South Vietnam Capitalist - supported by USA and
  Aust.
• USA/Aust sent advisors in 1962 and troops in 1965
• National Service/Conscription introduced in 1964
  - All Aust. Men over 20 had to register, ballot
  drawn, your birthday came up you went to War or
  jail. - 2 years. More than 49,000 consciptors
  served in the Viet. War.
• 1972 Whitlam brought Australian soldiers home
• 1975 war ended. All American and Australian
  personal withdrawn. The Viet Cong had reached
  Saigon.
• This war effected Australia Politically, Socially
  and Economically.
• Politically - Change of Govt., National Services,
  anti-war protests, demo. Ties with USA
• Socially - men conscripted, returning soldier's
  given no recognition, lasting effects on
  soldier's physically and emotionally, protests,
  organization forms Save Our Sons
• Economically - cost of the war on the Aust.
  republic

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Vietnam War 1962 - 1975

• longest war Aust. Involved in and the only war in
  which Aust. Fought on the losing side.
• Unofficial war - Aust. Never declared war on
  Vietnam.
• Divided the Australian people
• Dangers
• mortar fire, grenades, auto weapon fire, land
  mines, booby traps, snares and bear
  traps.Chemical warfare used on people and
  vegetation
• Conditions in Vietnam
• Humid, wet and dry season, high rainfall levels,
  very rural with villages surrounded by fields.
• Main transportation bicycle or motorcycle. Poor
  country. Thick tropical vegetation.
• Viet Cong knew the terrain of jungle, flora,
  fauna, sounds, smells etc.
• Viet Cong used to warfare - French, Japanese and
  know USA Aust.
• They could smell and hear their enemy coming
• South Vietnamese Govt. was corrupt, disorganized
  and unpopular
• South Vietnamese Army was weak and members did
  not want to fight.
• Viet Cong had the support of the masses, the
  peasants.
• Australian Soldiers
• Maintained good relations with Vietnamese. Were
  not as corrupt and careless as USA troops.
• Battle of Long Tan 1966 - proved Australians
  merit as soldiers.
• On their return no recognition of service. No
  repatriations due to chemical use in Vietnam.

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Whitlam the positives

• Whitlam, Gough, served as prime minister of
  Australia from 1972 to 1975. In November 1975,
  Sir John Kerr, the governor general of Australia,
  removed Whitlam from office. Kerr took this
  action after a dispute between Whitlam--head of
  Australia's Labor Party--and the leaders of the
  country's Liberal and National Country (now
  National) parties threatened to stop the
  operations of the government. Liberal and
  National Country party leaders charged members of
  Whitlam's government with improper conduct in
  financial matters. They demanded that Whitlam
  call for new elections. When Whitlam refused,
  they blocked the approval of funds needed to run
  the government. Kerr then dismissed Whitlam and
  named a new prime minister. Whitlam's Labor Party
  lost elections held in December 1975 and in 1977.
  Whitlam retired from politics in 1978.
• As prime minister, Whitlam ended Australia's
  participation in the Vietnam War. He also ended
  policies that placed racial restrictions on
  immigration to Australia, and worked to restore
  land rights to the Aborigines - the original
  inhabitants of Australia.

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Whitlam the positives

• Women gained right for equal pay and other
  anti-discrimination acts passed.
• Brought troops home from Vietnam War.
• Freed men jailed for not complying to National
  Service.
• Increased spending on education.
• Abolished university fees.
• Determination to reduce foreign ownership of
  Aust. Mineral resources.
• Mining on Aboriginal land was stopped.
• Govt. accepted the need to recognize the rights
  of Aboriginal people to their land.
• Aboriginal Affairs was set up.
• Embraced multiculturalism.
• Immigration focused on family reunions.

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Whitlam the positives

• Abolished the white Aust. Policy.
• Racial Discrimination Act of 1975 banned all
  forms of discrimination based on race, colour or
  ethnic origin.
• Aust. Heritage Commission established.
• Family Law Act concept of no fault divorce.
• Spending on social welfare increased.
• Significant increase in pensions for
  less-advantaged Aust.
• Increased funding for the Arts and cultural
  initiatives.
• Advance Aust Fair anthem
• Forge new relationships with Asia.
• Aust. Recognized communist China. Supported their
  memberships in the UN first Chinese Ambassador.
  
• Diplomatic economic relations est. with North
  Korea North Vietnam.
• Condemned France for nuclear testing in South
  Pacific.
• Banned South African sporting teams from Aust.
  Because of the countrys racist policies.
• Granted independence to New Guinea

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Whitlam the problems

• Gair Affair
• Rising unemployment - memorize some statistics
• Rising inflation
• Recession
• Problems with the Senate - Libs had majority
• Refused to call an early election.
• Could not obtain supply from senate.

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Whitlam 1972-1975

• Although the Whitlam Govt. survived less than
  three years it was perhaps the greatest reforming
  govt. in Aust. History.
• Whitlam, Gough, served as prime minister of
  Australia from 1972 to 1975. In November 1975,
  Sir John Kerr, the governor general of Australia,
  removed Whitlam from office. Kerr took this
  action after a dispute between Whitlam - head of
  Australia's Labor Party - and the leaders of the
  country's Liberal Party threatened to stop the
  operations of the government. Liberal and
  National Country party leaders charged members of
  Whitlam's government with improper conduct in
  financial matters. They demanded that Whitlam
  call for new elections. When Whitlam refused,
  they blocked the approval of funds needed to run
  the government. Kerr then dismissed Whitlam and
  named a new prime minister. Whitlam's Labor Party
  lost elections held in December 1975 and in 1977.
  Whitlam retired from politics in 1978.

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The Constitutional Crisis

• In 1972, the Labor Party came to power with a
  majority in the House of Representatives but not
  in the Senate. Gough Whitlam, the party leader,
  became prime minister. By 1975, inflation and
  unemployment were increasing, and the Labor
  government had become unpopular. In October 1975,
  the Liberal and National parties used their
  Senate majority to threaten to stop the supply of
  money for day-to-day government operations. They
  hoped to force Whitlam to resign, paving the way
  for new elections.
• Whitlam refused to resign, and the opposition
  parties refused to assure the flow of government
  money. In November, the governor general, Sir
  John Kerr, resolved the crisis by removing
  Whitlam from office. Kerr named Malcolm Fraser,
  head of the Liberal Party, to serve as prime
  minister until new elections could be held. The
  Liberal and National coalition won elections in
  December 1975 and in 1977 and 1980. Fraser
  remained prime minister.

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The Constitutional Crisis Issues

• In the Senate - 29 Liberal Senators, 29 Labor
  Senators and 2 Independents.
• Convention Broken that when a vacancy occurs in
  the senate due to death or retirement - a senator
  from the same political party is appointed. QLD
  and NSW senators died and retired consecutively
  and were replaced by the Premiers of those states
  with anti-Labor, pro-Liberal senators.
• In the Senate - 29 Liberal Senators, 27 Labor
  Senators and 4 Independents - 2 of which are
  anti-Labor.
• Governor General asks for advice from Sir
  Garlield Barwick - Chief Justice of the High
  Court, who was a former Menzies Govt. Minister -
  for advice and not the Prime Minister.
• Gov. General is our head of state, not meant to
  interfer in political running of country. If he
  does under his reserve powers he is meant to
  only on advice from the Prime Minister.
• Prime Minister can have the Gov. General
  dismissed by advising the Queen to do so.
  Controversy as to why Kerr did not advice,
  discuss or warn Whitlam is that Kerr feared for
  his job.
• Whitlam did not push the supply bill back through
  the Senate - because he did not want an early
  election because Labors popularity was low. If
  the bill was rejected/block by the senate twice -
  Parliament would have been dissolved and an early
  election called.
• The supply bill Whitlam had tried for a month to
  have passed was passed straight away by the
  Senate as soon as Whitlam was dismissed and
  Fraser was Prime Minister.

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Fraser PM 1975 - 1983

• John Malcolm Fraser, who had been appointed
  care-taker Prime Minister upon Gough Whitlams
  dismissal, came to power at the head of a
  Liberal-Country Party Coalition Government on 22
  of December 1975 with the biggest parliamentary
  majority ever achieved in Australia.
• At first Fraser led a fairly unified party.
  However some Liberal party members doubted his
  leadership after he used the Senate to block
  supply, forcing an elected government to a
  premature election (the Constitutional Crisis of
  1975).
• Economic Problems and Policies Problems facing
  the Fraser Government where those that had
  damaged the Whitlam Government high
  unemployment, high inflation and slow economic
  growth.
• The Fraser Government wanted to stimulate
  business confidence and investment. As a result
  big business, farmers and graziers were supported
  with tax cuts. Mining Companies were encouraged
  to expand via concession payments.
• Cuts to government spending. Except in defence
  and the cases mentioned above, the government
  slashed fund in almost every area - education,
  childcare and arts. Cuts to Medibank, were so
  deep that many believed the scheme had been
  destroyed.
• Despite such policies, unemployment increased but
  inflation did decrease - know figures
• Fraser Government was beginning to lose
  popularity.
• The Costigan Report - tax evasion traced up to
  Liberal Senators.
• The 1983 Election Defeat - Fraser called an early
  election in March 1983. Fraser believed he could
  beat Bill Haydens Labor leader, who had already
  lost an election campaign. But shortly before the
  election, Labor replaced Bill Hayden with Bob
  Hawke as leader. Hawke, who had entered Federal
  Parliament only in 1980, was very popular among
  voters and as a result secured victory for the
  Labor Party.

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Hawke as PM 1983 - 1991

• - Really dramatic economic changes came
  following the election of the Hawke Labor
  Government in 1983, with the introduction of
  economic rationalism. There were, however, no
  comparable changes in Australias foreign
  relations under the Hawke Government, which
  maintained the staunchly pro-US policies of the
  Fraser era, along with Frasers push for closer
  relations with Asia.
• The most significant changes from the mid-1970s
  to 1990 affected the character of Australian
  society - significant developments in racial and
  sexual equality, concern for Australias natural
  environment (Franklin River in TAS) and in the
  ethnic diversity of Australian society.
• Ironically, this same period saw inequality of
  wealth and incomes become more extreme through
  the impact of economic rationalist policies.
  Who was Bob Hawke?
• Robert James Lee Hawke - Australias longest
  serving Labor Prime Minister, his campaign slogan
  was Bringing Australia together. This was based
  on the idea of consensus (agreement) that all
  groups in the community could come together and
  agree on compromises in order to help economic
  growth.
• Hawke called a National Economic Summit, bringing
  together key government ministers, most State
  premiers, various other political figures,
  business people, employer organization delegates
  and union leaders. It was the first
  non-parliamentary meeting in the House of
  Representatives. The atmosphere was friendly,
  with unionists agreeing on wage restraint as
  employers agreed to ask their companies
  shareholders to accept lower dividends. This
  agreement was called the Accord.

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Labor Under Hawke

• Compared to the Whitlam years Labor offered few
  real social reforms. The Franklin River
  Wilderness was saved and Medibank was revived and
  given the name of Medicare but apart from these
  initiatives Labor did little in the areas of
  social welfare and the environment. If anything,
  there were funding cutbacks. Government spending
  on health and education was scaled down even more
  ruthlessly than it had been under Fraser. Lump
  sum superannuation was taxed. People over seventy
  faced a pension means test. The capital gains tax
  affected middle-income earners, while the
  increasing number of multimillionaires continued
  to grow richer.
• Why did Labor change so much from the Whitlam led
  party?
• Historians believe that the Hawke Government was
  haunted by the possibility of another Whitlam
  type dismissal. So it avoided far reaching social
  reforms rather than risk a repeat of 1975. Some
  argued that the Hawke Government had to adapt to
  a new, global economy. Others believe that this
  was only an excuse given by a government
  pandering to greedy corporate high-flyers.
• Weakness of the Opposition
• The Hawke Governments electoral success had less
  to do with its policies than with the weakness of
  the Liberal-National Party opposition. When Labor
  moved into the middle ground, adopting many
  conservative policies, the Opposition found it
  hard to find appropriate policies to fight
  elections. The opposition was not united, with
  frequent squabbles and leadership changes.

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Labor Under Hawke

• Economic Rationalism
• Very different from any other Labor Govt.
• Aust. dollar floated - world markets, rather than
  the Reserve Bank, would determine the value of
  national currency.
• Banking was deregulated - allowed banks to se own
  interest rates and lend money without govt
  supervision.
• Some government enterprises, including the
  Commonwealth Bank, were privatised,
• Greed is Good! - Hawke and Keating publicly
  associated themselves and their government with
  big businessmen - very rich very rapidly through
  company takeovers.
• However, by the late 1980s, faith in the new
  rich and in the ability of banks and other
  institutions to act responsibly in a deregulated
  economy begun to collapse.
• 1987 - New York stock market crashed Bond, Skase
  and the state banks of SA and VIIC were in deep
  financial trouble.
• Aust. economy went into recession - early 1990s
  unemployment was above 10
• Many of the decades corporate heroes -
  exposed as corporate criminals who amassed great
  personal wealth at the expense of - investors and
  shareholders.
• The new multimillionaires had borrowed vast sums
  to finance their takeovers this had much to do
  with another growing economic problem
  Australias overseas debt had risen alarmingly,
  reaching 150 billion by 1990.
• Labor Government solution - increase bank
  interest rates to curb inflation. Those most hurt
  by this measure were homeowners, small business
  people and farmers.

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Major Events of 1980s

• The Franklin River - In the early 1980s the
  Tasmanian government announced that a dam was
  going to be constructed in the Franklin River to
  produce electricity. Conservationists and the TAS
  Govt. struggle for months. Then in March 1983,
  Australians voted for a new federal government.
  Bob Hawke, the new Prime Minister, used the power
  of his government to overrule the Tasmanian
  government. He stopped the building of the
  Franklin dam.
• The Americas Cup - Australia II won in 1987
• Ash Wednesday - On Wednesday 16th of February
  1983 - The terrible fires of Ash Wednesday raged
  through the Adelaide Hills and all around
  Victoria - seventy-five people were dead,
  hundreds of homes destroyed and thousands of
  animals burnt.
• Australias Bicentenary - Australia Day, 26th of
  January 1988 was the 200th anniversary of white
  settlers coming to live in Australia. White
  Australians celebrated (2 million in Sydney
  Harbor) and black Australians mourned (20 000
  peaceful protest march).

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Overview of Foreign Policy

• Policies of governing Party and therefore Aust.
• Under Chifley 1945 - 1949 - Independent
  supporting Colonial countries right for
  independence. Immigration was White Aust.
  Policy.
• Under Menzies (other liberal politicians up to
  Whitlam) 1949 - 1966 - All the way with LBJ,
  very pro-USA exp. Korean and Vietnam War, SEATO,
  ANZUS etc. Very conservative. Red Scare/Communist
  Fear
• Holt/Gorton/McMahon - 1966 - 1972 - foreign
  policy on the same lines as Menzies started to
  bring Aust. Troops home from Vietnam. Winding
  down Aust. Involvement in Vietnam..
• Under Whitlam 1972 - 1975 - Independent - brought
  home troops from Vietnam, freed jailed citizens,
  condemnd White Minority South African Racist
  Regime, recognized communist China. Condemned
  France for nuclear testing in South Pacific.
• Under Fraser 1975 - 1983 - Pro USA, Cold
  War/Communist Fears renewed example support for
  Aust. Atheletes withdrawn because Olympics held
  in Russia. Recognized Communist China encouraged
  good trade relations with Asian countries.
• Under Hawke 1983 - 1991 - very similar to Frasers
  foreign policy.

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Overview of Foreign Policy

• Korean War - 1950 - 1953 - Aust. Supported UN,
  USA South Korean troops to stop the spread of
  Communism.
• ANZUS (1951) - Aust., NZ and USA - stop the
  spread of communism
• SEATO (1954) - USA, Britain, France, Aust., NZ,
  Thailand, Pakistan, Philippines, - all
  anti-communist states to promote self govt. and
  independence of all countries.
• Malayan Emergency - 1948 - Aust. sent troops to
  support Brit. 1957 Malaya granted independence -
  Aust troops left.
• - 1963 - Aust. Sent troops to support
  Malaysia against Indo. invasion.
• Eisenhower Domino Theory - One nation in SE
  Asia falls to communism the rest will like
  Dominos.
• Petrov Affair - April 1954
• Vietnam War - Aust. sent advisors in1962 and
  troops from 1965 - 1972
• Britain begins trading with European Countries
  and minimizes trade with Aust.
• Aust. Develops new trading partnerships with
  China, Japan and other SE Asian nations.
• East Timor - invaded by Indonesia. Aust. Does not
  send troops and takes almost a week to make a
  statement. East Timor supported and fought with
  Aust. Against takeover in WWII.

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East Timor

• East Timor is a region on the island of Timor in
  Southeast Asia. From 1975 to 1999, Indonesia
  claimed the region, but its authority there was
  never recognized by the United Nations (UN). In
  1999, East Timor began transforming itself into
  an independent country.
• Portugal controlled East Timor, then known as
  Portuguese Timor, from the 1500's until 1975,
  when colonial authorities withdrew. A civil war
  then erupted. One of the parties in the conflict,
  the Revolutionary Front for an Independent East
  Timor (Fretilin), declared East Timor's
  independence in November 1975. In December of
  that year, Indonesian forces invaded. In July
  1976, Indonesia annexed East Timor as its 27th
  province.
• Indonesia spent large sums of money in East
  Timor, but many of the people continued to resist
  Indonesian occupation. During the 1990's, the
  United States and other nations joined
  nongovernmental organizations in accusing
  Indonesia of serious human rights violations in
  East Timor. In 1996, two East Timorese, Carlos
  Ximenes Belo, the Roman Catholic bishop of Dili,
  East Timor's capital city, and Jose Ramos-Horta,
  the international spokesman for the independence
  movement, were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for
  their efforts to secure a just settlement of the
  conflict.

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East Timor

• In a UN-sponsored referendum held in August
  1999, the people of East Timor voted
  overwhelmingly for independence from Indonesia.
  Following the vote, armed pro-Indonesian
  militias, backed by some elements of the
  Indonesian military, began attacking and killing
  East Timorese citizens. Thousands of people were
  driven from their homes, and much of the East
  Timor capital of Dili was burned. In
  mid-September, a UN-sanctioned multinational
  force (Australia supplied a big portion of the
  troops) began arriving in East Timor to try to
  restore peace to the region. In October,
  Indonesia's highest governmental body voted to
  accept the results of the referendum and to end
  Indonesia's claim to East Timor. The UN then set
  up an interim administration in East Timor to
  help prepare the region for full independence. In
  2001, the people of East Timor elected an
  assembly to create a constitution. Presidential
  elections were scheduled for early 2002.

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Peace Keeping the UN

• United Nations (UN) is an organization of nations
  that works for world peace and security and the
  betterment of humanity. Almost all of the world's
  independent countries belong to the UN. Each
  member nation sends representatives to UN
  Headquarters in New York City, where they discuss
  and try to solve problems.
• The United Nations has two main goals peace and
  human dignity. If fighting between two or more
  countries breaks out anywhere, the UN may be
  asked to try to stop it. After the fighting
  stops, the UN may help work out ways to keep it
  from starting again. But the UN tries above all
  to deal with problems and disputes before they
  lead to fighting. It seeks the causes of war and
  tries to find ways to eliminate them.
• The United Nations has met with both success and
  failure in its work. It has been able to keep
  some disputes from developing into major wars.
  The organization has also helped people in
  numerous parts of the world gain their freedom
  and better their way of life. For many years,
  however, disagreements among UN member nations
  prevented the organization from operating
  effectively. Since the mid-1980's, greater
  cooperation among members has enabled the UN to
  attempt missions in more and more countries.
• The United Nations was established on Oct. 24,
  1945, shortly after World War II. As the war drew
  to an end, the nations that opposed Germany,
  Italy, and Japan decided that such a war must
  never happen again. Representatives of these
  nations met in San Francisco in April 1945 and
  worked out a plan for an organization to help
  keep world peace. This plan was described in a
  document called the Charter of the United
  Nations. In June 1945, 50 nations signed it. They
  were the first UN members. Since then, over 100
  other nations have joined.

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Peace Keeping the UN

• Peacekeeping. Human rights violations may become
  widespread in times of civil unrest and in armed
  conflicts between regions. When regional
  governments cannot maintain order, the UN may
  approve military presence in an area. Normally,
  the UN sends peacekeeping troops with the consent
  of the opposing parties. In 1999, the people of
  the disputed territory East Timor voted for
  independence in a UN-sponsored election.
  Anti-independence militias then began a campaign
  of violence against the East Timorese. With the
  approval of Indonesia's government, the UN sent
  troops to restore order. BELOW IS UNITED NATIONS
  HEADQUARTERS IN NEW YORK.