Ecosystems: What Are They and How Do They Work?

1
Chapter 3

• Ecosystems What Are They and How Do They Work?

2
The Earths Life-Support Systems

• Atmosphere

• Hydrosphere

• geosphere

• Biosphere

Fig. 3-6
3
SpeciesA group of sexually reproducing
organisms. Set of individuals that can mate and
produce fertile offspring.
Genetic diversity
4
Ecological and Species Diversity
Habitat?
5
Some Levels of Organization of Matter in Nature
3-3
6
Population, community, ecosystem?
7
Science Focus Have You Thanked the Insects
Today?

• Many plant species depend on insects for
  pollination.
• Insect can control other pest insects by eating
  them

Figure 3-1
8
Ecosystem Boundaries Ecotones
9

• Go to chp. 7 rainforest animation

10
The Biotic Components of Ecosystems

• Producers(autotrophs)

• Photosynthesis

• Consumers(heterotrophs)

• Aerobicrespiration

• Decomposers

Fig. 3.12
11
Producers Basic Source of All Food

• Most producers capture sunlight to produce
  carbohydrates by photosynthesis

12
Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration Getting Energy
for Survival

• Organisms break down carbohydrates and other
  organic compounds in their cells to obtain the
  energy they need.
• This is usually done through aerobic respiration.
• The opposite of photosynthesis

13
Connections Food Chains and Energy Flow in
Ecosystems
Ecological efficiency10 Loss?
Fig. 3-13
14
Humans
Food web
Blue whale
Sperm whale
Killer whale
Elephant seal
Crabeater seal
Leopard seal
Emperor penguin
Adélie penguins
Petrel
Fig 3-14
Squid
Fish
Carnivorous plankton
Herbivorous zooplankton
Krill
Phytoplankton
15
Sun
Photosynthesis
Energy lost and unavailable to consumers
Respiration
Gross primary production
Net primary production (energy available to
consumers)
Growth and reproduction
16

• What are natures three most productive and three
  least productive systems?

Figure 3-16
17
Principles of Ecological Factors

• Abiotic factors

• Law of tolerance

• Biotic factors

• Limiting factors

Fig. 3-10
18
Greenhouse Effect-natural
Solar radiation
Energy in Energy out
Reflected by atmosphere (34 )
Radiated by atmosphere as heat (66)
UV radiation
Lower Stratosphere (ozone layer)
Absorbed by ozone
Greenhouse effect
Troposphere
Visible Light
Heat
Absorbed by the earth
Heat radiated by the earth
Fig. 3-8,
19
Hydrologic (Water) Cycle
Use large amounts of water
Clearing vegetation
Fig. 3-17
20
The Carbon Cycle (Terrestrial)
Atmosphere (mainly carbon dioxide)
volcanic action
combustion of wood (for clearing land or for fuel
photosynthesis
aerobic respiration
Terrestrial rocks
sedimentation
weathering
Land food webs producers, consumers, decomposers,
detritivores
Soil water (dissolved carbon)
Global warming- carbon dioxide
Peat, fossil fuels
death, burial, compaction over geologic time
leaching runoff
Interactivity- 11
Fig. 3-18
21
The Carbon Cycle (Aquatic)
diffusion between atmosphere and ocean
combustion of fossil fuels
Carbon dioxide dissolved in ocean water
photosynthesis
aerobic respiration
Marine food webs producers, consumers,
decomposers, detritivores
uplifting over geologic time
incorporation into sediments
death, sedimentation
sedimentation
Marine sediments, including formations with
fossil fuels
Fig. 3.18
22
The Sulfur Cycle
Coal and industry sources
Acid Rain Makes plants and animals vulnerable to
drought and pests.
3-22
23
Biomes-Large ecological regions with
characteristic types of natural vegetation and
distinctive animals. Most important factor
influence climate

• Desert
• Tundra
• Deciduous Forest
• Coniferous Forest
• Tropical Rainforest
• Mid-latitude Grasslands
• Tropical Savanna Grasslands
• Chaparrel or Mediterranean Sclerophyllous Woodland

24
Information on biomes

• Chapter 7 has maps( shows you where your biomes
  are located Fig 7-8 and discusses biomes.
• The web- Search for pictures and more information
• Goodwill magazines- Redondo and Anaheim
• Poster board one per group and other supplies-
  Target or bookstore. Scissors, glue, markers,
  poster board.
• Worth 25 points. 15 points poster, 10 points
  notes on other biomes Extra credit available

25
The Earths Major Biomes
7-8
26
(No Transcript)
27
Broad-winged hawk
Hairy Woodpecker
Gray Squirrel
White oak
White-footed mouse
Metallic wood-boring beetle and Larvae
White-tailed deer
Mountain Winterberry
Shagbark hickory
May beetle
Racer
Long-tailed weasel
Fungi
Wood frog
Bacteria
Primary to secondary consumer
Secondary to higher-level consumer
Producer to primary consumer
All producers and consumers to decomposers
Chp. 7
28
(No Transcript)
29
Evelyn Hutchinson

• The Earths thin film of living matter is
  sustained by grand scale cycles of energy and
  chemical elements
• End chapter 3