Study Guide Chapter 11

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Study Guide Chapter 11

• 1. What is an ecosystem?
• 2. What are the four basic components of an
  ecosystem. Describe each component.
• 3. What is a herbivore,carnivore, and omnivore?
• 4. What trophic level do autotrophs,
  heterotrophs, and decomposers occupy?
• 5. What does the first law of thermodynamics
  state?
• 6. Is energy lost or gained as you move up
  trophic levels? What percent of energy?What
  happens to this energy?
• 7. What is succession?
• 8. Name the biomes of the Earth.

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Biogeography

• Ecosystem is a community of organisms functioning
  together in an interdependent relationship with
  the environment they occupy.
• Four basic components
• Abiotic(nonliving)
• Autotrophs (plants)
• Heterotrophs
• Decomposers

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Abiotic and Autotrophs

• Abiotic
• Mineral salts
• Water
• Rocks

• Autotrophs-plants
• Photosynthesis
• Plants take up energy from sun,carbon dioxide,
  and water
• Plants produce cellulose and oxygen.

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Heterotrophs and Decomposers

• Heterotrophs- Eating other plants and animals.
  Also known as consumers.
• Carnivore
• Herbivore
• Omnivore

• Decomposers
• Feed on dead plant and animal remains
• Return minerals and nutrients to soil.
• Examples?

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First Trophic Level
Second Trophic Level
Third Trophic Level
Fourth Trophic Level
Producers (plants)
Primary consumers (herbivores)
Tertiary consumers (top carnivores)
Secondary consumers (carnivores)
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
Solar energy
Heat
Heat
Detritvores (decomposers and detritus feeders)
Heat
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Decomposers
Tertiary consumers (human)
90 of energy lost through respiration at each
trophic level.
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Secondary consumers (perch)
100
Primary consumers (zooplankton)
1,000
Producers (phytoplankton)
10,000 Usable energy Available at Each tropic
level (in kilocalories)
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Golden eagle
Producer to primary consumer
Primary to secondary consumer
Secondary to higher-level consumer
All producers and consumers to decomposers
Food chain
Prairie dog
Bacteria
Food web
Fungi
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Fig. 11-10, p. 304
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Biomes

• One of Earths major terrestrial ecosystems,
  classified by the vegetation types that dominate
  the plant communities within the ecosystem.

• Tundra
• Tropical Rainforest
• Desert
• Coniferous Forest
• Deciduous Forest
• Mediterranean Schrubland
• Tropical Savanna
• Mid-Latitude Grasslands

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Distribution of the Earths Major Biomes
Fig. 11.22
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