Ecology Grade 10 Science 2.6 The Nitrogen Cycle pg 66 Life

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Ecology Grade 10Science
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1.5    Ecology pg 22   The study of ECOLOGY
focuses on the following a)      examining
ORGANISMS within their natural setting b)     
how organisms interact with their environment c)
how factors in the environment affect an
organisms growth, feeding habits and
reproduction
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Nonliving factors that can affect an organism are
called ABIOTIC FACTORS, such as Amount of
sunlight Temperature changes Strength and
direction of wind
Living factors, like the roles and presence of
other living organism that can affect an
individual are called BIOTIC FACTORS, such
as predators prey competitors for food and
reproduction
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Organisms do not live in isolation. Organisms
will -         group themselves with others of
their own kind forming a POPULATION -        
populations of different organisms will interact
and form a COMMUNITY -         communities of
different organisms will also interact with all
the biotic and abiotic factors in an area
creating an ECOSYSTEM.
Ecosystems rarely have sharp boundaries and
organisms can move back and forth between
ecosystems. The area between ecosystems is
called an ECOTONE. This is the area where the
greatest BIODIVERSITY can be found. (See figure 2
pg 22)
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Assignment 1) Read pg 22-23 2) Do Blackline
Master 1.5 3) On the back of BLM 1.5 do a Venn
Diagram of figure 2 pg 22 in your text -pond
ecosystem -field ecosystem -shore ecotone list
all organisms that may be found in each of the
above, in the appropriate place, on the venn
diagram 4) Activity 1 Mini Ponds
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3.1 Canadian Biomes pg 88  Do the Activity 2
Biome Map, Activity 3 Biomes Brochure, Activity
4 Climatographs Ecosystems can be grouped into
larger categories called BIOMES. A biome is a
collection of ecosystems that are similar or
related to each other, usually in the type of
plants they support. Canada has 4 major
biomes. 1)      the tundra 2)      the boreal
forest 3)      the temperate deciduous
forest 4)      the grasslands Use the following
table for the question sheet at the end of the
activity 4
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Tundra
Boreal or Taiga
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Grasslands
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Tundra
Boreal
Deciduous
Grassland
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• Assignment
• 1)      Read pgs 88-92
• 2)      Do Understanding Concepts pg 93
• 1-5,7,8,10a

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1.2 Canadas Endangered Species pg 14   In Canada
there are more than 250 species of plants and
animals at various degrees of risk.
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Classification System for At Risk Species  
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• Assignment
•  
• 1)      Read page 14 and 15
•  
• 2) Understanding Concepts 1 and 2 pg 15
• Activity 5 Are Zebra Mussels Really Invading
•  
• Activity 6 Wolf Relocation and Video
•  
• Activity 7 Endangered Species

http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/teachers/activitie
s/2415_wolves.html
Video Wolves and Buffalo
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1.10 Energy in Ecosystems pg 32   The source of
all energy for ecosystems is the SUN. The
Sun -         provides light -        
warmth -         gives energy needed to evaporate
water -         provides energy for plants to
make their own food (photosynthesis)
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Of the energy radiating from the Sun   -        
30 is reflected by clouds and the earths
surface The reflection of the Suns energy off of
a surface is called the ALBEDO EFFECT. The more
reflective a surface is, the higher the albedo of
that surface.   -         70 warms the earth
causing water to evaporate and generating the
water cycle and weather   -         0.023 is
used for photosynthesis PHOTOSYNTHESIS is the
process green plants use to convert sunlight,
carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen
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  Assignment 1)      Read pgs 32 33 2) Do
Understanding Concepts page 33
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  1.11 Following Energy Movements In
Ecosystems Energy is passed through the TROPHIC
levels of an ecosystem. Trophic means
feeder.    
  Consumers are also referred to as
HETEROTROPHS, or organisms that cannot make their
own food.
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Every organism in an ecosystem provides energy
for other organisms. FOOD CHAINS provide a step
by step sequence of who eats whom in an
ecosystem.   Ex. Plants ? Rabbits ?
Wolves (CARNIVORE)   When several food chains are
connected a feeding relationship a FOOD WEB is
created. (figure 3 pg 35).
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The most stable ecosystems, those with the
greatest BIODIVERSITY , have such complex and
well developed food webs that the removal of even
one food chain does not have a great negative
affect on the other food chains in the web.
There is a limit on the energy transfer within a
food chain. Only about 10 of the available
energy in a lower trophic level is transferred to
the next trophic level.   10
10 Plants ? Rabbits ?
Wolves   The other 90 is used within the
original trophic level for reproduction,
living,growing and lost as heat.
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Another limitation on the energy transfer between
trophic levels are the LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS 1) 
     First Law energy can be changed from one
form to another, it cannot be created or
destroyed 2) Second Law during energy
changes some of the energy is lost in the form of
heat and therefore cannot be passed on
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Energy transfers in ecosystems can be
graphed 1)      PYRAMID OF ENERGY- represent
energy flow through the food chain or web.
Measured in kilojoules or calories 2)     
PYRAMID OF NUMBERS represent the number of
organisms at each trophic level of a food
chain 3) PYRAMID OF BIOMASS the dry mass
(water removed) of all the organisms at each
trophic level. Measured in kilograms
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Assignment Activity 8 Food Web Activity 9
Ecological Pyramids Do Understanding Concepts pg
39 Test 1 Sections 1.5, 3.1, 1.2, 1.6, 1.4,
1.10, 1.11 Notes Pay attention to the
capitalized words Activities 1-9
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2.1 Cycling of Matter in Ecosystems pg
50   Matter can be found in 2 forms ORGANIC
matter that is or once was alive, containing
carbon, hydrogen and often oxygen and nitrogen.
These substances can be broken down and reformed
in an ecosystem(recycled). INORGANIC matter
that was never alive and does contain carbon or
hydrogen in its chemical makeup.
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DECOMPOSERS play a large role in the recycling of
organic material. When bacteria feeds on dead
organic material decay takes place. These
decomposers breakdown the organic material into
small molecules that pass into the soil and water
and become available for use by other organisms.
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  Assignment 1)      Read pg 50 2) Do
Understanding Concepts pg 51
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2.2 Case Study Pesticides pg 52   Read the
section on pesticides in your notes Using your
text pages 52-57 and complete the
assignment   Assignment Answer questions a-s pg
52 57 in your text
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• 2.5 The Carbon Cycle Pg 62
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• Carbon is the key element for living things.
  Carbon can be found in
• 1)      The atmosphere (CO2)
• 2)      Dissolved in the ocean (Carbonates,
  CO32-)
• 3)      Plants (sugar, C6H12O6)
• Animals (protein)
• Soil and rocks (Carbonates, CO32-)

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As carbon moves through the ecosystem it is
changed from one form to another in a process
called the CARBON CYCLE.   In Plants
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
sunlight CO2 H2O ? C6H12O6
O2   In Animals RESPIRATION C6H12O6
O2 ? CO2 H2O
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RESERVOIRS OF CARBON are places where carbon is
stored for a certain amount of time 1)     
Oceans much of the earthss carbon is stored as
dissolved CO2 and Carbonates 2)      Soil
some is found in the soil as carbonates 3)     
Atmosphere Much of the earths carbon is found
here in the form of CO2 4)      Plants and
animals protein in the structures of the
cells 5) Fossil Fuels Decayed plant and
animal material subjected to heat and pressure
(Oil)
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Assignment Read Pg62-64 Do Understanding Concepts
pg 65 Activity 10 Play the Carbon Cycle game
Fill out the BLM on the Carbon Cycle
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2.6 The Nitrogen Cycle pg 66   Life depends on
the cycling of nitrogen. NITROGEN is 1)     
used by cells to make protein in plants and
animals 2)      used to make DNA in plant and
animal cells 3) used as fertilizer to make
plants grow
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The atmosphere is 78 nitrogen , all of which is
unusable by plants and animals   Nitrogen is
changed into nitrates by nitrogen fixing bacteria
in the soil through a chemical process known as
nitrification.   Those nitrates can be used by
plants as fertilizers to grow or they can be
turned back into atmospheric nitrogen by other
bacteria known as denitrifying bacteria.   The
nitrogen in the plants is consumed by animals or
bacteria when they die and decay   The animals
excrete waste and the ammonia in the waste is
changed by nitrogen fixing bacteria into nitrates
which can then be recycled to the atmosphere or
back into the plants This is the NITROGEN CYCLE
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Assignment 1)      Read pg 66 and 67 2)      Do
Understanding Concepts 1-5 pg 69 3)     Activity
11 Play the Nitrogen Cycle Game http//www.window
s.ucar.edu/tour/link/teacher_resources/teach_nitr
ogen.html
After playing the N2 Cycle Game answer the
following questions 1. Name the N2 reservoirs
you made it to, including where you started. 2.
Name the N2 reservoirs you did not make it
too. 3. Name the reservoirs that you made it to
more than once and how many times. 4. Use a
diagram to describe your N2 cycle journey,
include the reservoirs and the processes
involved.
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2.9 Monitoring Changes in Populations pg
74 Human population growth remained relatively
constant for thousands of years. In the last 3
centuries human population has exploded. (see
figure 1 pg 74)   Factors that affect population
sizes  
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In most OPEN POPULATIONS all 4 of the above
factors will influence the population size of a
species   In a CLOSED POPULATION immigration and
emigration do not occur   POPULATION HISTOGRAMS
are used to study populations of long lived
organisms.
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Double histograms allow you to compare population
growth by sex (male and female) see figure 3 pg 75
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Assignment read pg 74 and 75 Do Understanding
Concepts pg 76 Do the Try This Activity Making
a Histogram pg 76 Internet Kaibab Population
Problem Activity 13 Human Population Growth
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2.10 Limits on Populations pg 77 Mice
populations can change drastically in 6 months.
20 mice can become 5120 mice. Why dont we see
billions of mice when we look out the window?
The reason is that, there are limitations on all
populations including mice.
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Limiting Factors on Populations  
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Other Limiting Factors on Population Size  
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A community is stable when none of the
populations exceeds the carrying capacity of the
ecosystem. The CARRYING CAPACITY is the maximum
number of individuals that can be supported
indefinitely by an ecosystem. The populations are
also controlled by 2 laws 1)      LAW OF
MIMIMUM the food source in least supply is the
one that limits the populations growth 2)     
LAW OF TOLERANCE too much or too little of a
resource can also limit a population. Organisms
can only survivor tolerate a certain range of an
abiotic factor.
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Some factors that control population can be
dependent on the size or density of the
population  
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Assignment Read pg 77-79 Do Understanding
Concepts pg 80 Activity 14 Predator Prey
Simulation Activity 15 Population Ecology
Lab Activity 16 Environmental Action
Simulation Activity 17 Ecology Issues
Project   Test 2 Sections 2.1, 2.2, 2.5, 2.6,
2.9, 2.10