Eastern Empires

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Eastern Empires

• By Chris Anderson
• Randolph-Henry High School

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Muslim Empires

• Three powerful Muslim Empires emerged in the
  world between 1400 1800
• 1.) Ottoman EmpireEastern Europe
• 2.) Persian EmpireCentral Asia
• 3.) Mogul EmpireIndia
• These Muslim Empires used their strong militaries
  to acquire lots of land
• This conquest of land also led to their spreading
  of the Muslim faith

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1.) Ottoman Empire

• Late 13th century (1200s), the Ottoman Turks
  settle in Asia Minor (Turkey)
• The Ottomans quickly took over the Byzantine
  Empire
• The Ottomans turned Constantinople into the
  Ottoman capital in 1453
• By the 16th Century (1500s) the Ottomans had
  taken over the Balkan PeninsulaGreeceand parts
  of Eastern Europe
• They then took over parts of the Middle East,
  North Africa, and Russia

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• The Ottomans had a very powerful navy
• The navy was used to protect their Mediterranean
  trade
• Philip II of Spain did not want the Ottomans or
  Islam in Europe
• 1571 Philip II attacked the Ottomans and
  defeated them at the Battle of Lepanto

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Navies at the Battle of Lepanto
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• Suleiman I (1520-1566) was one of the most
  powerful Ottoman leaders
• He made the military even stronger
• Suleiman was
• A military commander
• A skillful administrator
• A patron of the arts
• Sultanreligious leader
• He was given the nickname of lawgiver because
  he reorganized Ottoman law
• Suleiman had absolute power in his empire

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Suleiman I as a young man
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• The Ottoman Empire was very large and included
  many different peoples and religions
• The Empire was divided into different classes of
  people
• 1.) Ruling classSultan and his family
• 2.) Nobilitythese people administered the
  agricultural estates
• 3.) peasantslargest and lowest class they
  worked on the estates

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Map of the Ottoman Empire
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• To deal with the different cultures in the
  empire, the Ottomans came up with special laws
• Non-Muslims could worship if they paid a tax to
  the government
• Different religious communities could choose
  their own local leaders
• The Ottomans then changed the Christianity city
  of Constantinople into the Muslim city of Istanbul

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• The Ottoman Empire did not last forever
• 1600 the Empire reached its peak, then began to
  decline
• The Ottomans were surrounded by enemiesPersians
  and Europeans
• 1683 The Polish King, Jan II Sobjeski, led
  forces against the Ottomans, defeating the
  Ottomans at Vienna
• This defeat proved the Ottoman Empire was
  weakening

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• 1800s The Ottomans tried to bring Western ideas
  into the empire
• They also attempted to reform the economy and
  social problems in the empire
• They passed the Hatt-I Humayun Decree
• This law allowed people from all cultures and
  religions to hold public office
• The government tired to make tax reforms and
  military reforms
• Parts of the empire began to slowly break away
• The empire will hold on until after World War I
  (1918)

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2.) Safavid Persia

• The Persian Empire was east of the Ottoman empire
• The Safavid Persians were Shiite Muslims
• The Safavid Persians settled in modern day Iran
• The Shiite Muslims were enemies of the Ottoman
  Turks

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• The leader of the Shiite Muslims was Ismail
• Ismail unified the people of Iran
• He also created a new dynasty called the Safavid
  Dynasty
• Ismail and later Safavid Emperors forced their
  people to accept the Shiite form of Islam
• This belief in Shiite Islam separated the
  Persians for the rest of the Muslim peoples

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• 1587 Shah Abbas (1587-1629) took the throne in
  Persia
• Abbas used his strong army to take land away from
  the Ottomans
• He also made alliances with England against the
  Ottomans
• Shah Abbas made his capital at Isfahan
• Isfahan was one of the most impressive cities in
  the Muslim world
• The Royal Mosqueknown for its large blue
  domewas built in the city

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Royal Mosque
Shah Abbas
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• Shah Abbas helped spread the Muslim faith and
  culture, the Persian language, and trade
  throughout the world
• 1629 Shah Abbas died
• The leaders after Abbas were weak, causing the
  empire to decline
• 1736 Nader Shah came to power
• He wanted to help Persian regained its power
• In 1747, Nader Shah was assassinated
• After his murder, the Persian empire began to
  break apart

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Nader Shah
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3.) Mogul Empire

• The Mogul empire traces its roots back to the
  1100s
• 1100s Muslim invaders conquered Northern India
• 1206 these Muslims created a kingdom in
  Northern India
• The kingdom was centered around the city of Delhi
• The Muslim rulers were very cruel to the native
  Indian Hindus
• Hindus were force to pay heavy taxes
• Hindu temples were destroyed

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• In the 14th century (1300s) a Muslim man took
  over most of Central India (Asia)Tamerlane
• Tamerlane claimed to be descendant of Genghis
  Khan
• Tamerlane made the city of Samarkand his capital
• Tamerlane was ruthless and cruel
• 1398 his forces attacked Delhi, destroying the
  city
• After his death, his empire fell apart

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Tamerlane
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• 16th Century (1500s) Muslims again attacked
  northern India
• These Muslims were led by Babura descendant of
  Tamerlane
• 1526 Battle of PanipatBabur took over the city
  of Delhi
• Babur then created the Mogul Dynastya dynasty
  that lasted 300 years in India

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Babur
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• Akbar took the throne when his grandfather,
  Babur, died
• Akbar brought peace and order to northern India
• He allowed religious tolerancefree worship for
  al religions
• He invited religious scholars from many different
  religions to his court to educate him
• Akbar allowed the arts to flourish in India

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Akbar
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• Shah Jahan was the Mogul ruler who built the Taj
  Mahal

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• 17th Century (1600s)the Mogul dynasty began to
  weaken
• A new religion was spreading in IndiaSikhism
• Blend of Hinduism and Islam
• Later Mogul rulers did not tolerate this new
  religion
• Shah Aurangzeb began to attack the Hindu people
• The Hindus revolted
• 1858 The Moguls completely lost power

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Chinese Dynasties

• Ming Dynasty
• Qing Dynasty

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• 1368 the Yuan Dynasty ended in China
• Two new dynasties will eventually take control of
  ChinaMing and Qing
• Both dynasties will have strong central
  governments, improved agricultural advances,
  initiate public works projects
• Chinas population began to increase under both
  dynasties as trade and food production increased
• The later emperors will begin to isolate
  themselvesleading to corruption in China

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Ming Dynasty

• 1368 the Yuan Dynasty was overthrown by a
  military officer named Zhu Yuanzhang
• Yuanzhang lead a rebellion to overthrow the Yuan
  Dynasty
• Yuanzhang was born into a poor peasant family
• Before entering the military, he was a Buddhist
  monk
• After his victory over the Yuan, he made himself
  emperor of Chinathe 1st time that a peasant had
  risen to power in China

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• After becoming emperor, Yuanzhang changed his
  name to Hong Wu
• He then made his capital at Nanjing
• Hong Wu named his dynasty the Ming Dynasty,
  meaning Brilliant Dynasty
• The Ming Dynasty would rule over China for 300
  years

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Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang (Hong Wu)
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• The Ming Dynasty brought peace, prosperity, and
  stability to China
• The Ming Emperors improved tax codes, laws, and
  reformed the government
• The new laws were harsh
• Confucianism became the empires official
  doctrine
• Most government positions were civil service
  positionspeople had to pass tests to get the jobs

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• The Ming enforced peace in the empire
• Chinas economy grew under this peace
• Northern China had been destroyed by invading
  barbarians
• To get people to move into Northern China to
  protect the region and to rebuild the region, the
  Ming government offered people free land, tools,
  animals, and seed
• Thousands of Chinese took the deal and moved to
  Northern China, making the region very productive

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• With more people farming, artisans could
  concentrate on creating their fine works
• Silk cloth
• Tea
• Porcelain
• Cotton cloth
• The artisans crafts could be traded for food or
  other goods
• This trade made the merchants and artisans very
  wealthy
• As the people gained wealth, they demanded more
  entertainment and education

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• The Ming spent lots of money on constructing a
  navy
• The navy would sail to different ports and
  collect tribute (taxes) from the different places
  in the empire
• 1405-1433 the emperor Yong Le sent out 7 sea
  expeditions
• These expeditions were designed to show off
  Chinas naval power
• The expeditions were led by Zheng He
• Zheng He sailed to India, Persian Gulf, and parts
  of Africa
• The voyages proved to be very costly and were
  abandoned in the late 1400s.

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Yong Le
Zheng He
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Zheng Hes Ship in relation to a European ship
Zheng Hes route
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• Yong Le will move the Chinese capital from
  Nanjing to Beijing
• Beijing was completely rebuilt from 1404-1420
• 1421 the Chinese government moved into the city
  of Beijing
• Within Beijing was the personal city of the
  emperorthe Forbidden City
• To enter the Forbidden City, one would pass
  through the Gate of Heavenly Peace

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• The emperor and his family lived in the Forbidden
  City
• The Forbidden City had 2 main sections
• 1.) an area for the emperors own personal use
• 2.) an area for state occasions
• The main courtyard of the Forbidden City could
  hold 90,000 people
• Later Ming emperors isolated themselves in the
  Forbidden City
• This isolation allowed the government to become
  very corrupt
• As the empire began to fall apart, invaders from
  Manchuria attacked, eventually taking the Ming
  Empire

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Gate of Heavenly Peace
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Moat around Forbidden City
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View of Forbidden City inside Beijing
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Qing Dynasty

• The Manchurians (Manchus) created a new dynasty
  in China in 1644
• They called their new dynasty the Qing Dynasty
• The Manchurians were NOT Chinese
• The Qing Emperors expanded China into
• Manchuria
• Mongolia
• Xinjiang
• Tibet
• Taiwan (1683)
• The Qing Dynasty lasted nearly 300 years

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• The Qing Dynasty held onto Confucian values, just
  like the Ming
• The Manchu leaders were outnumbered by their
  Chinese subjects
• The Manchus tried to adopt a lot of Chinese
  culture to help them fit in better
• The Manchus gave most of the military and
  government jobs to other Manchus

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• 1645 The Manchu leaders handed down an order
  that all Chinese men had to shave their heads and
  wear a queuea long braid

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• Chinese men that refused to wear the queue were
  executed
• The queue was a way to distinguish between
  Chinese subjects and the ruling Manchus of the
  Qing Dynasty

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• The Qing Dynasty did help out the Chinese people
• Taxes were reduced
• Peace was kept, causing the economy to grow
• Food production increased, causing population to
  increase
• In 1600, Chinas population was 150 million
• In 1800, Chinas population was 350 million
• Most of Chinas population lived in rural
  (country) areas

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• Northern and Southern China were also different
• Northfarmers owned and worked their own land
• Southfarmers worked for a landlord
• With the population increasing, nearly all arable
  land was used for farming
• In hilly areas, terrace farming was used
• Rice and wheat were grown on most of the farms

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• Some farmers grew cash cropscrops raised for
  trade cotton
• Other farmers raised silk worms and produced silk
  for extra money
• These silk farmers would grow mulberry treesthe
  only food that silkworms will eat
• Trade within the empire also increased under the
  Qing rulers
• Many people in Europe began demanding Chinese
  goodssilk, porcelain, tea, etc.

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• The 1st Europeans to arrive in China came during
  the Ming Dynasty
• Portuguese traders were the 1st Europeans in
  China in 1514
• The Chinese did not like the Portuguesecalled
  them devils and refused to trade with the
  Portuguese devils
• By 1557, the Portuguese had established a trade
  colony in China

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• As soon as Portugal had established trade with
  the Chinese, Jesuit missionaries saw an
  opportunity to Christianize the Chinese
• The Chinese were not interested in Christianity
• The Chinese were interested in the scientific
  ideas brought by the Jesuitsastronomy, physics,
  etc.
• The Qing emperors worried that the Jesuits were
  becoming too involved
• The Qing government forced the Jesuits to leave
• The Jesuits were unable to make China into a
  Christian nation

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• 1700s the Qing Dynasty began to decline because
  of government corruption and rebellion against
  the government
• Chinas population was steadily growing, causing
  the government to raise taxes to support the
  growing population
• The taxes raised never reached the government
• Tax collectors would keep the
• The peasants began to revolt against the
  government b/c the government did nothing to stop
  the corrupt tax collectors

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• 1850 Taiping Rebellion occurred
• The leader of the Taiping rebellion--Hong
  Xiuquan--had adopted some Christian values and
  created his own version of Christianity
• Xiuquan tried to create a new dynasty in China,
  replacing the Qing Dynasty
• The rebellion lasted 14 years and destroyed much
  of Southern China
• The government of China was left weak

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Hong Xiuquan