GASIFICATION

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GASIFICATION
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Presented by Craig Schmidt of Eastman
Gasification Services Company at the West
Virginia Hydrogen Workshop on November 19, 2003
at Stonewall Resort, Roanoke, WV. This meeting
was a part of the Energy Roadmap Workshop Series
commissioned by West Virginia Governor Bob Wise.
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Gasification is a process that converts
carbonaceous materials, such as coal, petroleum
coke or biomass, into carbon monoxide and
hydrogen. In a gasifier, the carbonaceous
material undergoes three processes pyrolysis
(devolatilization), combustion, and gasification
pyrolysis
Gasification (and combustion forming CO2
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Presented by Craig Schmidt of Eastman
Gasification Services Company at the West
Virginia Hydrogen Workshop on November 19, 2003
at Stonewall Resort, Roanoke, WV. This meeting
was a part of the Energy Roadmap Workshop Series
commissioned by West Virginia Governor Bob Wise.
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Presented by Craig Schmidt of Eastman
Gasification Services Company at the West
Virginia Hydrogen Workshop on November 19, 2003
at Stonewall Resort, Roanoke, WV. This meeting
was a part of the Energy Roadmap Workshop Series
commissioned by West Virginia Governor Bob Wise.
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The types of gasifiers are various, but may be
divided into three main groups - entrained
flow gasifiers, - fluidized bed gasifiers
(bubbling/circulating) - fixed bed
gasifiers, counter-current
(updraft), co-current
(downdraft) cross-current moving
bed.
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combined cycle power plant
Condenser
Pump
Steam Turbine
Boiler/ heat exchanger
Electric Generators
Gas Turbine
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Tampa Electric Polk Power Station
250 MW operating since 1996
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253 MW Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
Power Plant, Buggenum, Netherlands
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Siemens Westinghouse Gas Turbines
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• IGCC has fewer air emissions than a conventional
  
• supercritical pulverized coal plant (SCPC)

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Scrubbing of the syngas
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CO2 separation from syngas
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The main Solvents
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IGCC costs are close to conventional coal plants

• IGCC may cost slightly more than convention
  plants
• without carbon capture and sequestration (CCS)
  but costs
• much less when carbon is reduced.

Cost of Electricity in /MWh
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The Wabash River Coal Gasification Repowering
Project is the first full-size commercial
gasification-combined cycle plant built in the
United States. Located outside West Terre Haute,
Indiana, the plant started full operations in
November 1995.
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HYDROGEN
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Energy source primary source of energy
naturally occurring in nature
Crude oil
Coal Natural gas
Solar radiation
Wind
Hydro Bio-mass
Nuclear
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Past and Future Changes in Energy Sources
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HYDROGEN
the "forever fuel" that we can never run out of
Water energy hydrogen
oxygen Hydrogen oxygen
water energy
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Why is hydrogen so important?

• Hydrogen is 75 of the known universe
• On earth, its not an energy source like oil
  or coal
• Only an energy carrier like electricity or
  gasoline
• a form of energy, derived from a source,
  that can be
• moved around
• The most versatile energy carrier
• - Can be made from any source and used for
  any
• service
• - Readily stored in large amounts
• Almost never found by itself must be liberated
• - Reform HCs or CHs with heat and
  catalysts
• - Electrolyze water (split H2O with
  electricity)
• - Experimental methods photolysis,
  plasma,
• microorganisms,
• 1 kg of H2 contains same energy as 1 U.S.
  gallon

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• Is it safe? A primer on Hydrogen safety
• All fuels are hazardous, but
• Hydrogen is comparably or less so, but
• different
• Clear flame cant sear you at a
  distance no
• smoke
• Hard to make explode cant explode in
  free
• air burns first
• 22 less explosive power
• Rises, doesnt puddle
• Hindenburg myth (1937) nobody was
  killed
• by hydrogen fire

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• History of hydrogen as energy
• 1820 H2 combustion in a engine like device
  to do mechanical work
• better than a steam engine as no warm-up
  time was needed
• 1874 science fiction prediction that
  hydrogen would be the chief fuel
• after coal by decomposing water using
  electricity
• 1900 first lab experiments with electrolysis
• 1920 Large scale plants in Canada using
  hydro-electricity from
• Niagara Falls to make hydrogen. Company was
  Stuart Electrolyzer
• that is still in the business today (same
  family)
• 1923 hydrogen from wind generated
  electricity in England to avoid
• pollution from coal fired power plants.
  Hydrogen stored as a
• cryogenic liquid.
• 1919 hydrogen used as a fuel for vehicles
  in Germany

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The First Question Where Does Hydrogen Come
From?
currently most energy efficient
Steam Reforming
Fossil Fuels
requires improvements
Partial Oxidation
not cost effective
Electrolysis
Water
requires high temperatures
Thermochemical
requires improvements
Gasification
Biomass
slow kinetics
Microbial
95 of hydrogen is currently produced by steam
reforming
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Steam Reforming of Methane
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Steam Reforming of Methane, cont.
Catalysts Ni, or Au-Ni
CH4 H2O ? CO 3H2 DH298 206
kJ/mol Water gas shift
reaction CO H2O ? CO2 H2 DH298
-41kJ/mol
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• Partial oxidation (POX) of methane
• two-step process
• performed with or without catalyst
• reactions
• 50 efficiency
• requires pure oxygen

CO H2O CO2 H2
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• Thermal decomposition of methane (TDM)
• so-called methane cracking
• emperatures greater than 1300oC
• Thermocatalytic decomposition of methane (TCM)
• Catalysts for TCM
• Ni-based catalysts (500-900oC)
• Fe-based catalysts (200-1200oC)
• Co-based catalysts (low activity,
• expensive)
• C-based catalysts (autocatalytic
• process)

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Water electrolysis
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Electrode types
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Technology that is developed at MEEP And Coal
Research Center SIUC
Keep things as simple as possible, but not simpler
A. Einstein 1879-1955
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A NEW CONCEPT
Coal
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Always increase the complexity in order to
justify failure
Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss

1777 - 1855
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2CO C CO2 Fe2O3 H2 H2O 2FeO CO H2O
CO2 H2 CO Fe2O3 2FeO CO2

• C O2 CO2
• 2FeO 1/2O2 Fe2O3

CaCO3 CaO CO2
CO2 CaO CaCO3
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FUEL CELLS
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FUEL CELLS
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Fuel Cells
Usually named according to their electrolyte and
categorized according to their operation
temperature.
High temperature fuel cells(600 to 1000 C)
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Molten Carbonate
Fuel Cell (MCFC)
Low temperature fuel cells (lt 200C) Polymer
Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) Direct
Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) Phosphoric Acid Fuel
Cell (PAFC) Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC)
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Toyota FCHV PEM FC fuel cell vehicle
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Hydrogen in transportation..
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Hydrogen cars will be cheaper per mile driven
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• Hydrogen Hybrids?
• While almost all HEVs are powered with gasoline
  today, they can also be efficiently powered with
  hydrogen. In fact, the Ford Motor Company has
  demonstrated up to 25 higher efficiency with an
  ICE designed specifically to run on hydrogen
  compared to a similar gasoline ICE. A
  hydrogen-powered HEV can achieve 95 to 99 of
  the environmental benefits and 100 of the oil
  reduction advantages of a fuel cell vehicle.
  Indeed, the hydrogen HEV has two major advantages
  over the FCV
• The hydrogen HEV is based on proved 100
  year-
• old ICE technology
• The hydrogen HEV cost is much less than the
  FCV
• cost today

Liquid Hydrogen filling station at Munich airport
(Germany)
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Ford U-Concept
Hydrogen powered internal combustion engine
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